cells and tissues and disorders of cell tissue Flashcards
what type of cells are human and bacterial cells
human: eukaryotic
bacterial: prokaryotic
name the main components of the phospholipid bilayer
-protein channel
-protein molecule
-cholesterol
-protein molecules
-carbohydrate chain
what are the main components of the phospholipid bilayer
polar heads that are hydrophilic (water loving)
tails that are hydrophobic (water hating)
what are the functions of the cell membrane
-barrier
-separation of components
-transportation
-communication
-cellular identity
-chemical reactions
-cell movement
what are the functions of proteins in the cell membranes
-transport
-enzymatic activity
-signal transduction
-cell-cell recognition
-intercellular joining
-attachment
what are the functions of carbohydrates in the cell membranes
-cell to cell recognition
-protection
-adhesion
-regulation of membrane fluidity
what are organelles
specialised cell structures with distinct functions vital for cell life and activity.
they have a unique role, contributing to overall cellular processes and survival.
usually membrane bound , allowing maintenance of specific internal environments.
what is the nucleus
houses the cells DNA, containing the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of the cell
-genetic material storage
-control center
-nuclear envelope
-nucleolus
-chromatin
what is the cytoplasm
jelly-like sunstance that fills tye interior of thye cell, providing a medium for chemical reactions and various cellular processes to occur
-matrix of celluar activities
-organelle suspension
-cytosol
-intracellular transport
-cytoskeleton support
what is the mitrochondria
-energy production
-role in metabolism
–apoptosis regulation (cell death)
what is the golgi apparatus
-protein modification and packaging
-lipid transportation and metabolism
-vesicle formation
-cell membrane maintenence
what is the vesicle
small bubble-like sacs inside cells that transport materials like proteins, lipids or waste.
-transport and storage
-roles in: metabolism and enzyme storage, and cells processes.
what is the lysosomes
‘cells recycling centres’
-digestive enzymes
-waste removal
-acidic environment
-role in apoptosis
-defence mechanisms
what is the centrosome
acts as a coordinator for proper cell division
-microtubule organisation
-cell division
-structure
-cell polarity
-cilia and flagella formation
name some types of human bones and their functions
-bone cells: osteoblasts (form new bone), osteocytes (maintain bone structure), osteoclasts (break down bone tissue).
-sex (gametes) cells: sperm (male sex cell, testes, delivers genetic material to fertilised eggs) , ovum (female sex cell, ovaries, maternal material sustains embryonic development upon fertilisation)
-muscle cells: cardiac- heart, pumps blood by contraction. skeletal- movement, smooth, involuntary, digestion and blood flow etc.
-endothelial cells- create barriers between vessel lumen and surrounding tissue (tunica intima, endocardium)
-cancer cells (benign- non cancerous) (metastasised -spread)
-blood cells- red (O2/CO2 transport), white |(immune system cells) and platelets (blood clotting and plug formation)
-pancreatic cells (alpha (produce insulin), beta (produce glucagon), delta ( produce somasatin), PP (pancreatic polypeptide), regulates appetite and food intake).
-fat cells (white and brown)
-stem cells
-nerve cells: (neurons- transmit electrical and chemical signals) and (glial cells- provide support, insulation and protection to neurons)
what is the cell cycle
the process of a cell goes through to grow and divide, DNA is divided into 2 daughter cells, and exact replication is essential.
what are bacterial cells
-no nucleus
-no membrane bound organelles
-usually unicellular
-generally smaller than eukaryotes
-prokaryotic
differences between bacteria and viruses
viruses:
-non-living
-microscopic
-obligate parasite
-treated with vaccines
bacteria:
-living
-different shapes and sizes
-autonomous reproduction
-treated with antibiotics
how does a virus kill a cell
1- virus enters the cell
2-virus duplicates itself
3- cell explodes, releasing throusands of brand-new virus particles
what does neoplasm mean and what is it
new growth
a neoplasm is any abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells. they can be benign or malignant.
what is a tumour
a tumour is a type of neoplasm that forms a solid mass or lump, they can also be benign or malignant
what is cancer
a disease where abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, can invade nearby tissues and may spread to other parts of the body.
what are carcinomas
epithelial cells which act as a lining. (skin, body cavities, organs)
what are sarcomas
orignate in the bones, muscles or connective or support tissues of the body.
2 main types:
-bone
-soft tissue
what are leukaemia
originate in blood forming tissues such as bone marrow and causes abnormal white blood cells
what are lymphomas
originate in the lymphatic system, particularly in the lymph nodes and lymphocytes
what are myelomas
originates in the plasma cells found in the bone marrow
what are brain and spinal cord cancers
originate in brain and spinal cord, most common are gliomas which start in the glial cells.
what are the causes of neoplasms
-genetic mutations
-environmental factors
-infections
-lifestyle factors
-hormonal imbalances
-chronic inflammation
-immune system disorders
-inherited genetic conditions
what are the effects of tumours
-they spread: metastatic, when cancer spreads from its primary spot to a secondary spot forming new tumours. this spread can occur through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
how does cancer kill
-infection
-organ failure
-carcinomatosis
-haemorrhage
what is neutropenic sepsis
-neutrophils- type of white blood cell crucial for fighting infections
-when you have chemo you have a reduced or low number of neutrophils, so the body’s immune system is weakened, making any infection potentially life threatening. 21% mortality.
what are the effects of neutropenic sepsis
RR- increase (tachypnoeic)
HR- increase (tachycardic)
SPO2- decrease
BP- decrease (hypotension)
temp- constant
CRT- decrease or no change
mental status- decrease or no change
