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PARA400 > cells and tissues and disorders of cell tissue > Flashcards

cells and tissues and disorders of cell tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what type of cells are human and bacterial cells

A

human: eukaryotic
bacterial: prokaryotic

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2
Q

name the main components of the phospholipid bilayer

A

-protein channel
-protein molecule
-cholesterol
-protein molecules
-carbohydrate chain

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3
Q

what are the main components of the phospholipid bilayer

A

polar heads that are hydrophilic (water loving)
tails that are hydrophobic (water hating)

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4
Q

what are the functions of the cell membrane

A

-barrier
-separation of components
-transportation
-communication
-cellular identity
-chemical reactions
-cell movement

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5
Q

what are the functions of proteins in the cell membranes

A

-transport
-enzymatic activity
-signal transduction
-cell-cell recognition
-intercellular joining
-attachment

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6
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates in the cell membranes

A

-cell to cell recognition
-protection
-adhesion
-regulation of membrane fluidity

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7
Q

what are organelles

A

specialised cell structures with distinct functions vital for cell life and activity.
they have a unique role, contributing to overall cellular processes and survival.
usually membrane bound , allowing maintenance of specific internal environments.

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8
Q

what is the nucleus

A

houses the cells DNA, containing the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of the cell
-genetic material storage
-control center
-nuclear envelope
-nucleolus
-chromatin

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9
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

jelly-like sunstance that fills tye interior of thye cell, providing a medium for chemical reactions and various cellular processes to occur
-matrix of celluar activities
-organelle suspension
-cytosol
-intracellular transport
-cytoskeleton support

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10
Q

what is the mitrochondria

A

-energy production
-role in metabolism
–apoptosis regulation (cell death)

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11
Q

what is the golgi apparatus

A

-protein modification and packaging
-lipid transportation and metabolism
-vesicle formation
-cell membrane maintenence

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12
Q

what is the vesicle

A

small bubble-like sacs inside cells that transport materials like proteins, lipids or waste.
-transport and storage
-roles in: metabolism and enzyme storage, and cells processes.

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13
Q

what is the lysosomes

A

‘cells recycling centres’
-digestive enzymes
-waste removal
-acidic environment
-role in apoptosis
-defence mechanisms

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14
Q

what is the centrosome

A

acts as a coordinator for proper cell division
-microtubule organisation
-cell division
-structure
-cell polarity
-cilia and flagella formation

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15
Q

name some types of human bones and their functions

A

-bone cells: osteoblasts (form new bone), osteocytes (maintain bone structure), osteoclasts (break down bone tissue).
-sex (gametes) cells: sperm (male sex cell, testes, delivers genetic material to fertilised eggs) , ovum (female sex cell, ovaries, maternal material sustains embryonic development upon fertilisation)
-muscle cells: cardiac- heart, pumps blood by contraction. skeletal- movement, smooth, involuntary, digestion and blood flow etc.
-endothelial cells- create barriers between vessel lumen and surrounding tissue (tunica intima, endocardium)
-cancer cells (benign- non cancerous) (metastasised -spread)
-blood cells- red (O2/CO2 transport), white |(immune system cells) and platelets (blood clotting and plug formation)
-pancreatic cells (alpha (produce insulin), beta (produce glucagon), delta ( produce somasatin), PP (pancreatic polypeptide), regulates appetite and food intake).
-fat cells (white and brown)
-stem cells
-nerve cells: (neurons- transmit electrical and chemical signals) and (glial cells- provide support, insulation and protection to neurons)

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16
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

the process of a cell goes through to grow and divide, DNA is divided into 2 daughter cells, and exact replication is essential.

17
Q

what are bacterial cells

A

-no nucleus
-no membrane bound organelles
-usually unicellular
-generally smaller than eukaryotes
-prokaryotic

18
Q

differences between bacteria and viruses

A

viruses:
-non-living
-microscopic
-obligate parasite
-treated with vaccines

bacteria:
-living
-different shapes and sizes
-autonomous reproduction
-treated with antibiotics

19
Q

how does a virus kill a cell

A

1- virus enters the cell
2-virus duplicates itself
3- cell explodes, releasing throusands of brand-new virus particles

20
Q

what does neoplasm mean and what is it

A

new growth
a neoplasm is any abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells. they can be benign or malignant.

21
Q

what is a tumour

A

a tumour is a type of neoplasm that forms a solid mass or lump, they can also be benign or malignant

22
Q

what is cancer

A

a disease where abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, can invade nearby tissues and may spread to other parts of the body.

23
Q

what are carcinomas

A

epithelial cells which act as a lining. (skin, body cavities, organs)

24
Q

what are sarcomas

A

orignate in the bones, muscles or connective or support tissues of the body.
2 main types:
-bone
-soft tissue

25
Q

what are leukaemia

A

originate in blood forming tissues such as bone marrow and causes abnormal white blood cells

26
Q

what are lymphomas

A

originate in the lymphatic system, particularly in the lymph nodes and lymphocytes

27
Q

what are myelomas

A

originates in the plasma cells found in the bone marrow

28
Q

what are brain and spinal cord cancers

A

originate in brain and spinal cord, most common are gliomas which start in the glial cells.

29
Q

what are the causes of neoplasms

A

-genetic mutations
-environmental factors
-infections
-lifestyle factors
-hormonal imbalances
-chronic inflammation
-immune system disorders
-inherited genetic conditions

30
Q

what are the effects of tumours

A

-they spread: metastatic, when cancer spreads from its primary spot to a secondary spot forming new tumours. this spread can occur through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

31
Q

how does cancer kill

A

-infection
-organ failure
-carcinomatosis
-haemorrhage

32
Q

what is neutropenic sepsis

A

-neutrophils- type of white blood cell crucial for fighting infections
-when you have chemo you have a reduced or low number of neutrophils, so the body’s immune system is weakened, making any infection potentially life threatening. 21% mortality.

33
Q

what are the effects of neutropenic sepsis

A

RR- increase (tachypnoeic)
HR- increase (tachycardic)
SPO2- decrease
BP- decrease (hypotension)
temp- constant
CRT- decrease or no change
mental status- decrease or no change

PARA400 (12 decks)

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