cardiac pathophysiology Flashcards
what is hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure
it occurs when the force of blood against the walls is consistently too high.
what is systolic blood pressure
the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts and pumps blood.
>_140 mmHg
what is diastolic blood pressure
pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats.
>_90mmHg
what are some risk factors off hypertension
-obesity
-poor diet
-tobacco use
-chronic stress
-caffeine
-age
-family history
-gender
-race/ethnicity
-diabetes
-chronic kidney disease
-sleep apneoa
what are some complications with hypertension
-cardiovascular disease
-stroke
-kidney damage
-eye damage
-hypertensive crisis
-if untreated, a reduced life expectancy.
what are symptoms of hypertension
-headache
-dizziness
-blurred vision
-chest pain
-dyspnoea (shortness of breath)
RED FLAGS:
-severe headache
-severe anxiety
-nausea and vomiting
-shortness of breath
-confusion or altered mental state
what is hypotension
abnormally low blood pressure, where the pressure of blood against the walls of the arteries is too low to adequately supply organs supply organs and tissues with oxygen and nutrients.
generally below 90/60 mmHg.
define systolic pressure
represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats.
define diastolic pressure
represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats.
what are the causes of hypotension
-dehydration
-heart problems
-blood loss
-endocrine disorders
-sepsis
-anaphylaxis
-medications
-shock
-pregnancy
-nutritional deficiencies
what are risk factors of hypotension
-age
-medication
-dehydration
-pregnancy
-endocrine disorders
-blood loss
-chronic conditions
-nutritional deficiencies
-heat exposure
-large meals
-standing for long periods
what are the symptoms of hypotension
-dizziness
-fainting
-blurred or dim vision
-nausea
-fatigue
-lack of concentration
-cold, clammy, pale skin
-weak or rapid pulse
-thirst
sever symptoms:
-confusion
-shock
what is normotensive range
refers to blood pressure levels.
state the normotensive range for systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure
systolic blood pressure: 90-120 mmHg
diastolic blood pressure: 60-80 mmHg
what is atherosclerosis
condition in which arteries become narrowed and hardened due to the buildup of plaque on their inner walls.
what are the risk factors of atherosclerosis
-high blood pressure
-high cholesterol levels
-smoking
-obesity
-diabetes
-physical inactivity
-unhealthy diet
-excessive alcohol consumption
-stress
-family
-age
-gender
-chronic kidney disease
what are some complications with atherosclerosis
-heart attack
-stroke
-angina
-chronic kidney disease
-hypertension
-heart failure
what are the symptoms of atherosclerosis
symptoms for atherosclerosis develop gradually and may not show until the arteries are significantly narrowed or blocked.
-chest pain
-shortness of breath
-pain
-cramping
-severe back pain
-swelling in legs or ankles
-fatigue
-reduced exercise tolerance
what is cardiogenic shock
a life threatening medic condition where the heart suddenly cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.
what can cardiogenic shock lead to
cardiogenic shock causes insufficient blood flow which leads to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues and organs, which can lead o organ failure if not treated properly.
what are the causes of cardiogenic shock
-myocardinal infraction (heart attack)
-severe heart failure
-arrhythmias
-valvular heart disease
-cardiomyopathies
-myocarditis
-cardiac tamponade
what are the symptoms of cardiogenic shock
rapid breathing
weak or rapid pulse
low blood pressure
cold, clammy skin
confusion
chest pain
loss of consciousness
decreased urine output
what happens with RR, HR, SPO2,BP,CRT,Temp and Mental Status
RR-up and down
HR- up and down
SP02- down
BP-down
CRT- up and down
Temp-no change
Mental Status: up and down
