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DPT 503 > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory system functions:

A

exchange oxygen & carbon dioxide between environment, blood & tissue

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2
Q

oxygen is necessary for . . .

A

energy production

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3
Q

physiology includes three components:

A
  • ventilation
  • gas exchange or respiration
  • transport of gases to peripheral tissues
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4
Q

four processes of respiration of respiration:

A

respiratory system:
ventilation (breathing)
external respiration (gas exchange)

circulatory system:
transport
internal respiration

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5
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

A

movement of air into and out of lungs

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6
Q

what is external respiration?

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood

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7
Q

what is internal respiration?

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues

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8
Q

what is thorax and what does it do?

A

bony thorax covers and protects the major organs of the cardiopulmonary system

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9
Q

what does the sternum consist of?

A

flat bone consisting of manubrium, body, xiphoid

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10
Q

upper respiratory is made up of . . .

A

nasal cavity
oral cavity
pharynx
nostril
larynx
trachea

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11
Q

lower respiratory is made up of . . .

A

carina of trachea
left main (primary) bronchus
right main (primary) bronchus
right lung
Left lung
diaphragm

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12
Q

what is the trachea?

A

the windpipe that extends from the larynx into the mediastinum, where it divides into two main bronchi

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13
Q

trachea walls are composed of what three layers?

A

mucosa
submucosa
adventitia

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14
Q

what is the mucosa?

A

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

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15
Q

what is the submucosa?

A

connective tissue with seromucous glands supported by 16-20 C-shaped cartilage cartilage rings that prevent collapse of trachea

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16
Q

what is the adventitia?

A

outermost layer made of connective tissue

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17
Q

trachea divides to form what . .

A

right and left main bronchi

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18
Q

each lobar bronchus branches into . . .

A

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

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19
Q

respiratory zone begins where terminal bronchioles feed into __________________ which leads into ________________ and finally into ________________

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

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20
Q

alveolar sacs contain clusters of . . .

A

alveoli

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21
Q

respiratory membrane consists of ________ and ________ walls and their fused basement membranes

A

alveolar
capillary

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22
Q

what is the alveoli wall composed of ?

A

primarily of a single layer of cells and a flimsy basement

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23
Q

alveoli wall secrete _______ and __________________.

A

surfactant
antimicrobial proteins

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24
Q

what does the media stinen store?

A

the heart

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25
Q

two circulations perfuse lungs:

A

pulmonary circulation
bronchial circulation

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26
Q

pulmonary circulation is made up of . . .

A

pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins

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27
Q

what do the pulmonary arteries do?

A

deliver systemic venous blood from heart to lungs for oxygenation

28
Q

what do pulmonary veins do?

A

carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones back to heart

29
Q

bronchial circulation is made up of . . .

A

bronchial arteries

30
Q

what do bronchial arteries do?

A

provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue

31
Q

what are the lungs innervated by?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic motor fibers
as well as visceral sensory fibers

32
Q

in the lungs nerves enter through _________________ on lung root

A

pulmonary plexus

33
Q

parasympathetic fibers cause what?

A

bronchoconstriction

34
Q

sympathetic fibers cause what?

A

bronchodilation

35
Q

what do the pleurae do?

A

divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum

36
Q

what is the parietal pleura?

A

membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart, and between lungs

37
Q

what is the visceral pleura?

A

membrane on external lung surface

38
Q

___________ fills the ____________ between two pleurae

A

pleural fluid
pleural cavity

39
Q

what is pleurisy?

A

inflammation of pleurae that often results from pneumonia

40
Q

other fluids that may accumulate in pleural cavity?

A

blood
blood filtrate

41
Q

what is pleural effusion?

A

fluid accumulation in pleural cavity

42
Q

volume changes cause __________ changes which cause ____________________

A

pressure
air to move

43
Q

intrapleural pressure is always ________ relative to intrapulmonary pressurw

A

negative

44
Q

what keeps the lungs from collapsing?

A

negative pressure

45
Q

what is atelectasis?

A

plugged bronchioles, which cause collapse of alveoli

46
Q

what is pneumothorax? and how can it occur?

A

air in pleural cavity
can occur from either wound in parietal pleura or rupture of visceral pleura

47
Q

what does pulmonary ventilation consists?

A

inspiration and expiration

48
Q

what is boyle’s law?

A

the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas

49
Q

inspiration is an active process involving what muscles?

A

inspiratory muscles – diaphragm and external intercostals

50
Q

action of the diaphragm

A

when dome-shaped diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens out

51
Q

what does the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contracting result in?

A

increase in thoracic volume

52
Q

action of intercostal muscles

A

when external intercostals contract, rib cage is lifted up and out

53
Q

inspiration - sequence of events

A
  1. inspiratory muscles contract
  2. thoracic cavity volume increases
  3. lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases
  4. intrapulmonary pressure drops
  5. air flows into lungs downs its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
54
Q

what muscles do forced expiration use?

A

an active process that uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles, as well as internal intercostal

55
Q

expiration – sequence of events:

A
  1. inspiratory muscles relax
  2. thoracic cavity volume decreases
  3. elastic lung recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases
  4. intrapulmonary pressure rises
  5. air flows out of lungs downs its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
56
Q

physical factors influencing ventilation:

A

airway resistance
alveolar surface tension
lung compliance

57
Q

restrictive lung disease =

A

low compliance

58
Q

obstructive lung disease =

A

high compliance

59
Q

what dilates bronchioles?

A

epinephrine

60
Q

alveolar surface tension?

A

the attraction of liquid molecules to one another at a gas-liquid interface

61
Q

what is surfactant ?

A

a protein complex that helps reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid

62
Q

what is surfactant produced by?

A

type II alveolar cells

63
Q

what is infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

A

increased surface tension results in collapse of alveoli after each breath

64
Q

what is lung compliance?

A

measure of change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure

65
Q

two factors affecting compliance

A

elasticity
surfactant

66
Q

compliance can be diminished by:

A
  • nonelastic scar tissue replacing lung tissue
  • reduced production of surfactant
  • decreased flexibility of thoracic cage
67
Q

total compliance of the respiratory system is also influenced by compliance of the thoracic wall, which can be decreased by:

A
  • deformities of thorax
  • ossification of costal cartilage
  • paralysis of intercostal muscles

DPT 503 (14 decks)

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