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DPT 503 > respiratory pt. 2 > Flashcards

respiratory pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

tidal volume =

A

500 ml

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2
Q

what makes up inspiratory capacity (IC)?

A

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + tidal volume (TV)

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3
Q

what makes up functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)

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4
Q

what makes up vital capacity?

A

inspiratory capacity (IC) + functional residual capacity (FRC)

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5
Q

what is obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

increased airway resistance ex: bronchitis

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6
Q

what is restrictive disease?

A

reduced TLC due to disease or exposure to environmental agents
ex: fibrosis

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7
Q

pulmonary function tests can measure _______ of gas movement

A

rate

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8
Q

pulmonary function tests

A
  • forced vital capacity (FVC)
  • forced expiratory volume (FEV)
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9
Q

what is forced vital capacity?

A

the amount of gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath

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10
Q

what is forced expiratory volume?

A

the amount of gas expelled during a specific time interval of FVC

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11
Q

what is alveolar ventilation rate?

A

flow of gases into and out of alveoli during a particular time

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12
Q

what is the better indicator of effective ventilation?

A

AVR

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13
Q

what does AVR consider?

A

the amount of dead space, TV, and rate of breathing

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14
Q

what is AVR affected by?

A

TV and frequency

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15
Q

what is dalton’s law of partial pressure?

A

total pressure exerted by mixture of gases is equal to sum of pressures exerted by each gas

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16
Q

nitrogen makes up ______ of air

A

78.6 %

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17
Q

oxygen makes up ______ of air

A

20.9%

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18
Q

alveoli contain more CO2 and water vapor than atmospheric air because of:

A
  • gas exchanges in lungs
  • humidification of air by conducting passages
  • mixing of alveolar gas with each breath
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19
Q

exchange is influenced by:

A
  • partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
  • thickness and surface area of the respiratory membrane
  • ventilation-perfusion couple
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20
Q

what is ventilation-perfusion coupling?

A

matching of alveolar ventilation with pulmonary blood perfusion

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21
Q

arterial blood has ______ oxygen

A

high

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22
Q

venous blood has _______ oxygen

A

low

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23
Q

partial pressure gradient for CO2 is . . .

A

less steep

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24
Q

respiratory membrane are very . . .

A

thin

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25
Q

what is perfusion?

A

blood flow reaching alveoli

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26
Q

what is ventilation?

A

amount of gas reaching alveoli

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27
Q

why must ventilation and perfusion rates match?

A

optimal, efficient gas exchange

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28
Q

P-O2 controls perfusion by . . .

A

changing arteriolar diameter

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29
Q

P-CO2 controls ventilation by . . .

A

changing bronchiolar diameter

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30
Q

when alveolar O2 is high then arterioles . . .

A

dilate

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31
Q

when alveolar O2 is low then arterioles . . .

A

constrict

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32
Q

why is tissue P-O2 always lower than in arterial blood P-O2?

A

so oxygen moves from blood to tissues

33
Q

why is tissue P-CO2 always higher than arterial blood P-CO2 ?

A

so CO2 moves from tissues into blood

34
Q

molecular O2 is carried in blood in two ways:

A

dissolved in plasma
loosely bound to each Fe of hemoglobin in RBCs

35
Q

each hemoglobin is composed of . . .

A

4 polypeptide chains

36
Q

what is oxyhemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin-O2 combination

37
Q

what is reduced hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin)?

A

hemoglobin that has released O2

38
Q

loading and unloading of O2 is facilitated by what?

A

a change in shape of Hb

39
Q

fully saturated:

A

all four heme groups carry O2

40
Q

partially saturated:

A

when only one to three hemes carry O2

41
Q

why is rate of loading and unloading of O2 regulated?

A

to ensure adeqaute oxygen delivery to cells

42
Q

factors that influence hemoglobin saturation:

A

P-O2

43
Q

other factors influencing hemoglobin saturation:

A

temperature
blood pH
P-CO2
concentration of BPG

44
Q

what happens when there is a decrease in hemoglobin saturation?

A

shifts the curve to the left which is a decrease in oxygen unloading from blood

45
Q

what is the bohr affect?

A

declining blood pH and increasing P-CO2 cause hemoglobin - O2 bond to weaken

46
Q

hemoglobin dissociation curve (left & right)?

A

left = decrease
right = increase

47
Q

OXYhemoglobin dissociation curve (left & right)?

A

left = increase
right = decrease

48
Q

O2 carrying capacity of blood is ____________ upon the hemoglobin concentration

A

dependent

49
Q

what is lower than normal O2 carrying capacity?

A

anemia

50
Q

what is higher than normal O2 carrying capacity?

A

polycythemia

51
Q

CO2 is transported to blood in three forms:

A
  • dissolved in plasma
  • chemically bound to hemoglobin
  • as bicarbonate ion in the plasma
52
Q

increased CO2 _________ blood pH

decreased CO2 _________ blood pH

A

decreased
increased

53
Q

haldane effect

A

amount of CO2 transported is affected by PO2

54
Q

the lower the PO2 and hemoglobin O2 saturation then . . .

A

the more CO2 can be carried in blood

55
Q

changes in ____________ and _______ affect blood pH

A
56
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

inadequate O2 delivery to tissues

57
Q

anemic hypoxia:

A

too few RBCs or abnormal or too little Hb

58
Q

ischemic hypoxia:

A

impaired or blocked blood circulation

59
Q

histotoxic hypoxia:

A

cells unable to use O2 as in metabolic poisons

60
Q

hypoxemic hypoxia:

A

abnormal ventilation; pulmonary disease, low levels of oxygen in air

61
Q

respiratory rhythms are regulated by:

A
  • higher brain centers (medullary and pons respiratory centers)
62
Q

sets eupnea:

A

normal respiratory rate and rhythm

63
Q

clustered neurons in two areas of medulla are most important:

A

ventral respiratory group
dorsal respiratory group

64
Q

lesions in the pontine respiratory centers lead to . . .

A

apneustic breathing

65
Q

respiratory centers are affected by:

A
  • chemical factors
  • influence of higher brain centers
  • pulmonary irritant reflexes
  • inflation reflex
66
Q

what is the most potent and closely controlled factor influencing breathing rate and depth?

A

influence of PCO2

67
Q

what is hypercapnia?

A

blood PCO2 levels rise

68
Q

if blood PCO2 levels decrease respiration becomes . . .

A

slow and shallow

69
Q

apnea

A

breathing cessation that may occur when PCO2 levels drop abnormally low

70
Q

hyperventilation:

A

increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds bodys need to remove CO2

71
Q

what is hypocapnia?

A

decreased blood CO2 levels

72
Q

what sense arterial O2 levels?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies

73
Q

Changes in arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention or metabolic factors act indirectly through

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

74
Q

Normally, blood PO2 affects breathing only indirectly by

A

influencing peripheral chemoreceptor sensitivity to changes in PCO2

75
Q

Hypothalamic controls

A

act through limbic system to modify rate and depth of respiration

76
Q

Cortical controls

A

direct signals from cerebral motor cortex that bypass medullary controls

77
Q

Pulmonary irritant reflexes

A

Receptors in bronchioles respond to irritants such as dust, accumulated mucus, or noxious fumes

78
Q

Inflation reflex

A

Hering-Breuer reflex (inflation reflex)

DPT 503 (14 decks)

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