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DPT 503 > Integumentary System - Skin > Flashcards

Integumentary System - Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary system consists of:

A

Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat Glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands

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2
Q

Skin consists of two distinct regions:

A

Epidermis & Dermis

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3
Q

Epidermis consists of:

A

Keratinized stratified squamous pithelial tissue and is avascular

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4
Q

Dermis underlies what?

A

The Epidermis

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5
Q

Dermis consists of:

A

Mostly fibrous connective tissue and is vascular

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6
Q

Hypodermis is called?

A

Superficial fascia

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7
Q

Hypodermis characteristics

A

Subcutaneous layer deep to skin
Not part of skin but shares some functions
Mostly adipose tissue that absorbs shock and insulates
Anchors skin to underlying structures: mostly muscles

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8
Q

Four cell types found in epidermis:

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
  4. Tactile (Merkel) cells
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9
Q

What does kertatinocytes produce?

A

Fibrous keratin (protein that gives skin its protective properties)

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10
Q

What is the major cell of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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11
Q

What is the epidermis tightly connected by?

A

Desmosomes

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12
Q

How many keratinocytes slough off everyday?

A

Millions

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13
Q

What are melanocytes and where are they located?

A

Spider-shaped cells located in deepest epidermis

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14
Q

What do melanocytes produce?

A

Pigment melanin, which is packaged into melanosomes

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15
Q

Where are melanosomes transferred and what do they do?

A

To keratinocytes, where they protect nucleus from UV damage

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16
Q

What do dendritic cells look like and what do they do?

A

Star-shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis

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17
Q

What are dendritic cells key activators of?

A

Immune system

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18
Q

What are tactile cells and what do they do?

A

Sensory receptors that sense touch

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19
Q

How many layers is the epidermis made up of?

A

Four or five distinct layers

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20
Q

How many layers does the thick skin have and where are they found?

A

Five layers (strata) and is found in high-abrasion areas (hands, feet)

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21
Q

How many layers does thin skin have?

A

Only four strata

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22
Q

Five layers of skin

A
  1. Stratum basalt
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
  5. Stratum corneum
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23
Q

What layer of skin is only found in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

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24
Q

Stratum basale (basal layer)

A
  • deepest of all epidermal layers (base layer)
  • layer that is firmly attached to dermis
  • consists of a single row of stem cells that actively divide (mitotic), producing two daughter cells each time
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25
Q

Journey of the Daughter cells:

A

One daughter cell journeys from basal layer to surface, taking 25-45 days to reach surface
- cell dies as it moves toward the surface
- other daughter cell remains in stratum as stem cell

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26
Q

What is the stratum basale layer also known as and why?

A

Stratum germinativum because of active mitosis

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27
Q

The stratum basale is also composed of ________.

A

10-25% melanocytes

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28
Q

Stratum spinosum (prickly layer)

A

Several cell layers thick
Cell contains weblike system of intermediate prekeratin filaments attached to demosomes
- allows them to resist tension and pulling

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29
Q

Why is the stratum spinosum called the prickly layer?

A

Keratinocytes in this layer appear spikey (so they call them prickle cells)

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30
Q

What is scattered among the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum?

A

Abundant melanosomes and dendritic cells

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31
Q

Stratum granulosum (granular layer)

A

Four to six cells thick, but cells are flattened, so layer is thin
Cell appearance changes
Cells above this layer die

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32
Q

Description of the cell appearance change in the stratum granulosum layer

A

Cells flatten, nuclei and organelles disintegrate
Keratinization begins
- cells accumulate keratohyaline granules that help form keratin fibers in upper layers
Cells also accumulate lamellar granules, a water resistant glycolipid that slows water loss

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33
Q

Why do cells above the stratum granulosum layer die?

A

Too far from dermal capillaries to survive

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34
Q

Stratum lucidum (clear layer)

A

Found only in thick skin
Consists of thin, translucent band of two to three rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes
Lies superficial to the stratum granulosum

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35
Q

Stratum corneum (horny layer)

A

20-30 rows of flats, anucleated, keratinized dead cells

36
Q

How much of the epidermal thickness does the stratum corneum account for?

A

Three-quarters

37
Q

Even though the stratum corneum has dead cells, the cells still function to:

A
  • protect deeper cells from the environment
  • prevent water loss
  • protect from abrasion and penetration
  • act as a barrier against biological, chemical and physical assaults
38
Q

Cells change by going through ______.

A

Apoptosis (controlled cell death)

39
Q

What do dead cells slough off as? And how many cells do humans shed every minute?

A

Dandruff and dander
~ 50,000 cells

40
Q

What is Dermis?

A

Strong, flexible, connective tissue

41
Q

The dermis cells include:

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells
Fibers in matrix bind together
- makes up the “hide” that is used to make leather

42
Q

the dermis contains:

A

Nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
Epidermal hair follicles, oil glands and sweat glands

43
Q

The two layers of the dermis are . . .

A

Papillary
Reticular

44
Q

The papillary layer is . . .

A

A superficial layer of areolar connective tissue consisting of loose, interlacing collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels

45
Q

The loose fibers allow . . .

A

Phagocytes to patrol for microorganisms

46
Q

Dermal papillae is . . .

A

Superficial region of dermis that sends finger like projections up into epidermis

47
Q

These projections contain:

A

Capillary loops, free nerve endings, and touch receptors

48
Q

In thick skin, dermal papillae lie on ____________ which give rise to ____________

A

top of dermal ridges
Epidermal ridges

49
Q

Collectively ridges are called

A

Friction ridges

50
Q

What do friction ridges do?

A

Enhance gripping ability
Contribute to sense of touch
Sweat pores in ridges leave unique fingerprint pattern

51
Q

Reticular layer makes up _______ of dermal thickness

A

~ 80%

52
Q

Reticular layer consists of . . .

A

Coarse, dense fibrous connective tissue

53
Q

Many elastic fibers provide . . .

A

Stretch-recoil properties

54
Q

Collagen fibers provide . . .

A

Strength and resiliency
- bind water, keep skin hydrated

55
Q

Cutaneous plexus:

A

Network of blood vessels between reticular layer and hypodermis

56
Q

Extracellular matrix contains . . .

A

Pockets of adipose cells

57
Q

_________________ in reticular layer are caused by many collagen fibers running parallel to skin surface

A

Cleavage lines

58
Q

Cleavage lines are . . .

A

Externally invisible
Important to surgeons because incisions parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily

59
Q

Flexors lines of reticular layer are . . .

A

Dermal folds at or near joints

60
Q

Dermis is tightly secured to . . .

A

Deeper structures

61
Q

Flexors lines are visible on . . .

A

Hands
Wrists
Fingers
Soles
Toes

62
Q

Extreme stretching of skin can cause dermal tears, leaving silvery whit scars called __________

A

Striae aka stretch marks

63
Q

Acute, short-term trauma to skin can cause ________ which are ___________ that separate _______ and ________ layers

A

Blisters
Fluid-filled pockets
Epidermal and dermal

64
Q

Three pigments contribute to skin color:

A
  1. Melanin
  2. Carotene
  3. Hemoglobin
65
Q

Melanin is only pigment made in ______ made by _______

A

Skin
Melanocytes

66
Q

Excessive sun exposure damages skin causing . . .

A

Elastic fibers clump, causing skin to become leathery

67
Q

Excessive sun exposure can . . .

A

Depress immune system and cause alterations in DNA that may lead to skin cancer

68
Q

UV light destroys _________ which is necessary for _________

A

Folic acid
DNA synthesis

69
Q

______________ is increased reaction to sun

A

Photosensitivity

70
Q

Carotene is a _______ to _______ pigment

A

Yellow to orange

71
Q

Carotene is most obvious in _______ and ______

A

Palms and soles

72
Q

Carotene accumulates in __________ and __________

A

Stratum corneum and hypodermis

73
Q

Carotene can be converted to ________ for vision and epidermal health

A

Vitamin A

74
Q

Hemoglobin is a _______ of ____ skin due to ______ of _______

A

Pinkish hue
Fair
Lower levels
Melanin

75
Q

Cyanosis color and cause

A

Blue skin color
Low oxygenation of hemoglobin

76
Q

Pallor color and cause

A

Blanching or pale color
Anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger

77
Q

Erythema color and cause

A

Redness
Fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

78
Q

Jaundice color and cause

A

Yellow cast
Liver disorders

79
Q

Bruises color and cause

A

Black-and-blue marks
Result of clotted blood beneath skin
Clot is broken down, color of bruise changes

80
Q

Brown or black “necklace” color and cause

A

Hyperpigmented dark areas in axillae and around neck may be a sign of insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels

81
Q

The principle of melanin is to ___________.

a) give one that “healthy tan look”
b) keep the body cool
c) provide a waterproof layer
d) shield the nucleus from damage by ultraviolet radiation

A

D) shield the nucleus from damage by ultraviolet radiation

82
Q

The touch sensors of the epidermis are the ___________

A. keratinocytes
B. tactile cells
C. epidermal dendritic cells
D. melanocytes

A

B. Tactile cells

83
Q

A patient taking a drug that inhibits cell division (such as certain chemotherapy drugs) would expect which layer of the epidermis to be affected first?

a) Stratum corneum
b) Stratum lucidum
c) Stratum spinosum
d) Stratum basale

A

D. Stratum basale

84
Q

Fingerprints are copies of __________.

a) dermal papillae
b) epidermal papillae
c) dermal ridges
d) friction ridges

A

C. Dermal ridges

85
Q

The principal tissue found in the reticular layer is ___________.

a) dense irregular connective tissue
b) stratified squamous epithelium
c) dense regular connective tissue
d) areolar connective tissue

A

a) dense irregular connective tissue

86
Q

Which three pigments contribute to skin color?

A. Carotene, melanin, hemoglobin
B. Keratin, melanin, hemoglobin
C. Melanin, keratin, hemoglobin
D. Hemoglobin, carotene, keratin

A

A. Carotene, melanin, hemoglobin

87
Q

Which of the following skin colors may indicate anemia?

A. Erythema
B. Bronzing
C. Black and blue marks
D. Pallor

A

D. Pallor

DPT 503 (14 decks)

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