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DPT 503 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system and the nervous system control and integrate body function to maintain:

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

The ___________ sends its messages along _________ which are ___________ .

A

Nervous system
Nerve fibers
Selective neural responses

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3
Q

The ___________ sends its ________ messages in the form of ______ via the ____________ .

A

Endocrine system
Chemical
Hormones
Bloodstream

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4
Q

Nervous system:

Initiates responses ______
________ responses
Acts via _________ and __________
Acts at ___________ determined by ___________
Neurotransmitters act over very ____________

A

Rapidly
Short-duration
Action potential & neurotransmitter
Specific locations & axon pathways
Short distances

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5
Q

Endocrine system:

Initiates responses _________
___________ responses
Acts via ________ released into the _______
Acts at _____________ targets can be anywhere blood reaches
Hormones act over __________

A

Slowly
Long duration
Hormones & blood
Diffuse locations
Long distances

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6
Q

Endocrine system functions

A

Growth and development
Maintain homeostasis
- metabolic function
- chemical reactions
- cell membrane transportation
Respond to emergencies
Endocrinology

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7
Q

In the endocrine system hormones are secreted from ______ and into the ______

A

Endocrine glands
Tissue

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8
Q

Hormones in the endocrine system then stimulate ______ or ______ in their ___________

A

Change or growth
In their specific target tissue

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9
Q

Purely endocrine glands

A

Pineal gland
Pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenals

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10
Q

Not purely endocrine gland

A

Pancreas

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11
Q

Glands that are neuroendocrine:

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

Hormones are _______ messengers of the endocrine system

A

Chemical

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13
Q

They are _______ chemical signals and travel in ______ or ____

A

Long-distance
Blood or lymph

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14
Q

What are the two main classes of hormones?

A

Amino acid-based
Steroids

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15
Q

Amin acid-based hormones are?

A

Amino acid derivatives, peptides and proteins

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16
Q

Steroid hormones are?

A

Synthesized from cholesterol

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17
Q

Hormones circulate _______. Only cells, _______, with receptors for that hormone are affected

A

Systemically
Target cells

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18
Q

Hormones alter target cell activity by _______ or ______ cellular processes

A

Stimulating or inhibiting

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19
Q

Hormones typically produce one or more of the following:

A
  • Alter plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential or both by opening or closing ion channels
  • stimulates synthesis of enzymes and other proteins within the cell
  • activates or deactivates enzymes
  • induces secretory activity
  • stimulates mitosis
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20
Q

Hormones act either as ___________ hormones or ________ hormones

A

Water-soluble
Lipid-soluble

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21
Q

Water-soluble hormones are all _____________ hormones except _________ hormone

A

Amino acid-base
Thyroid

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22
Q

Water-soluble hormones act on:

A

Plasma membrane receptors

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23
Q

Water-soluble hormones exert effects through ________

A

Second-messenger systems

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24
Q

Water-soluble hormones are coupled with a regulatory molecules called

A

G proteins

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25
Q

Water-soluble hormones cannot

A

Enter cell

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26
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones are

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones

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27
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones act on

A

I trace lunar receptors that directly activate genes

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28
Q

Water-soluble hormones consist of:

A

All amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormone

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29
Q

Water-soluble hormones sources

A

All other endocrine glands

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30
Q

Are water-soluble hormones stored in secretory vesicles ?

A

Yes

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31
Q

How are water-soluble hormones transported in blood?

A

Usually free in plasma

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32
Q

How long is water-soluble hormones in half-life in blood?

A

Short (most can be removed by kidneys)

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33
Q

What is the location of water-soluble hormones receptors?

A

On plasma membrane

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34
Q

Water-soluble hormones mechanism of action at target cell

A

Usually act through second-messenger systems

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35
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones consist of

A

All steroid hormones and thyroid hormone

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36
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones sources are:

A

Adrenal cortex, gonads, and thyroid gland

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37
Q

Are lipid-soluble hormones stored in secretory vesicles?

A

No

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38
Q

How are lipid-soluble hormones transported in blood?

A

Bound to plasma proteins

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39
Q

How long is lipid-soluble hormones half-life in blood?

A

Long (most need to be metabolized by liver)

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40
Q

What is the location of lipid-soluble hormones receptors?

A

Usually inside cell

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41
Q

What is the mechanism of action at target cell for the lipid-soluble hormones?

A

Activate genes, causing synthesis of new proteins

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42
Q

Endocrine glands are stimulated to synthesize and release hormones in response to one of three stimuli:

A

Humoral stimuli
Neural stimuli
Hormonal stimuli

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43
Q

Humoral stimuli is responsible for:

A

Changing blood levels of ion and nutrients directly stimulates secretion of hormones

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44
Q

An example of humoral stimuli is:

A

Ca2+ in blood

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45
Q

Declining blood Ca2+ concentration stimulates ___________

A

Parathyroid glands to secrete PTH

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46
Q

PTH causes Ca2+ concentration to ______________

A

Rise and the stimulus is removed

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47
Q

Which statement correctly describes the interaction between a hormone and its target cell?

A. Insulin, a water-soluble hormone, binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane of the target cell.

B. Prolactin, a water-soluble hormone, binds to a receptor within the nucleus of a target cell.

C. Testosterone, a lipid-soluble hormone, binds to a G protein in the target cell that directly activates a gene.

D. Estrogen, a lipid-soluble hormone, exerts its signaling effects on the target cell through an intracellular second-messenger

A

A. Insulin, a water-soluble hormone, binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane of the target cell.

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48
Q

In neural stimuli nerve fibers stimulate __________

A

Hormone release

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49
Q

Neural stimuli:

Sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate __________ to secrete ____________

A

Adrenal medulla
Catecholamines

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50
Q

Hormonal stimuli:

Hormonal stimulate ___________ to release __________

A

Other endocrine organs
Their hormones

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51
Q

Hypothalamic hormones stimulate ____________

A

Release of most anterior pituitary hormones

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52
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones stimulate ______________

A

Targets to secrete still more hormones

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53
Q

Hypothalamic—pituitary target _______________

A

Endocrine organ feedback loop

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54
Q

Hormones from final target organs inhibit release of ________

A

Anterior pituitary hormones

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55
Q

The nervous system can adjust ______________________

A

Hormone levels when needed

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56
Q

The nervous system can override _____________________

A

Normal endocrine controls

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57
Q

Hormones can be removed from blood by:

A
  • degrading enzymes
  • kidneys
  • liver
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58
Q

Half-life:

A

The time required for the level of hormone in the blood level to decrease by half

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59
Q

Half-life varies anywhere from ______________

A

A fraction of a minute to a week depending on the hormone

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60
Q

Up-regulation:

A

Target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels

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61
Q

Down-regulation:

A

Target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels

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62
Q

Desensitizes the target cells to prevent them from:

A

Overreacting to persistently high levels of hormone

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63
Q

The hormonal ‘set point’ that needs to be maintained to regulate homeostasis are:

A

Hormonal release & hormonal inhibition

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64
Q

NEGATIVE feedback system:

A

Occurs when a change in one direction produces a change in the other

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65
Q

A negative feedback loop response will _____________________

A

Reverse or cause the opposite effect of the original stimulus

66
Q

POSITIVE feedback system (rare):

A

Occurs when a change in one direction is followed by another change in the SAME direction

67
Q

Examples of of feedback systems

A

Puberty, aging, pregnancy, the environment, genetics and certain diseases / medications

68
Q

Cyclical variations in hormone release are:

A
  • growth hormone levels are higher at night
  • cortisol varies with happiness / stress
69
Q

Elevated blood glucose levels stimulate cells of the pancreas to secrete the hormone insulin. The pancreas is responding to which type of stimulus?

A. Neural
B. Humoral
C. Hormonal
D. Paracrine

A

B. Humoral

70
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones:

A

Oxytocin & antidiuretic hormone

71
Q

Oxytocin is stimulated by . . .

A

Impulses from hypothalamic neurons in response to stretching of the uterine cervix or suckling of infant at breast

72
Q

Oxytocin is inhibited by . . .

A

Lack of appropriate neural stimuli

73
Q

Oxytocin target organ and effects:

A

Uterus which stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor

Breast which initiates milk ejection

74
Q

Effects of hyposecretion and hyper secretion in oxytocin:

A

Unknown

75
Q

Antidiuretic hormone stimulated by . . .

A

Impulses from hypothalami’s neurons in response to increased blood solute concentration or decreased blood volume; also stimulated by pain, some drugs, low blood pressure

76
Q

Antidiuretic hormone is inhibited by . . .

A

Adequate hydration of the body and by alcohol

77
Q

Antidiuretic hormone target organ and effects:

A

Kidneys which stimulate kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water from the forming urine back into blood

78
Q

Antidiuretic hormone effects of hyposecretion and hyper secretion

A

Hypo: diabetes insipidus
Hyper: syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

79
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones:

A

Growth hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone

80
Q

Growth hormone is stimulated by . . .

A

GHRH release which is triggered by low blood levels of GH as well as by a number of secondary triggers including deep sleep, hypoglycemia, increases in blood levels of amino acids, low levels of fatty acids, exercise and other types of stressors

81
Q

Growth hormone is inhibited by . . .

A

Feedback inhibition exerted by GH and insulin-like growth factors and by hyperglycemia, hyper lipids is, obesity and emotional deprivation via either increased GHIH or decreased GHRH release

82
Q

Growth hormone target organs and effects:

A

Liver, muscle, bone, cartilage and other tissues; anabolic hormone; stimulates somatic growth; mobilizes fats; spares glucose

Growth-promoting effects mediated indirectly by IGFs

83
Q

Growth hormone effects of hyposecretion and hyper secretion

A

Hypo: pituitary dwarfism in children
Hyper: gigantism in children; acromegaly in adults

84
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone is stimulated by . . .

A

TRH and in infants indirectly by cold temperature

85
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone is inhibited by . . .

A

Feedback inhibition exerted by thyroid hormones on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus and by GHIH

86
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone target organ and effects:

A

Thyroid gland: stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

87
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone effects of hyposecretion and hyper secretion

A

Hypo: hypothyroidism; may cause myxedema
Hyper: hyperthyroidism; effects similar to those of Graves’ disease, in which antibodies mimic TSH

88
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone is stimulated by . . .

A

CRH; stimuli that increase CRH release include fever, hypoglycemia, and other stressors

89
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone is inhibited by . . .

A

Feedback inhibition exerted by glucocorticoids

90
Q

ACTH target organ and effects:

A

Adrenal cortex which promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens (mineralocorticoids to a lesser extent)

91
Q

ACTH effects of hyposecretion and hyper secretions

A

Hypo: rare
Hyper: cushing’s disease

92
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone is a tropic hormone that is also called . . .

A

Thyrotropin

93
Q

Thyroid hormone is the body’s . . .

A

Major metabolic hormone

94
Q

Thyroid hormone is found in two forms:

A

T4 (thyroxine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)

95
Q

T4 (thyroxine):

A

Major form
T4 must be converted to T3 at the tissue level

96
Q

Thyroid hormone affects . . .

A

Virtually every cell in the body

97
Q

Thyroid hormone increases . . . And this is referred to as . . .

A

Basal metabolic rate and heat production
Calorigenic effect

98
Q

Hypersecretion of TH: most common type is . . .

A

Grave’s disease

99
Q

Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disease that the. . .

A

Body makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicular cells

100
Q

Grave’s disease antibodies . . .

A

Mimic TSH, stimulating TH release

101
Q

Grave’s disease symptoms include . . .

A

Exophthalmos: eyes protrude as tissue behind eyes become edematous & fibrous
Elevated metabolic rate
Sweating
Rapid & irregular heartbeats
Nervousness
Weight loss despite adequate food

102
Q

Grave’s disease treatments include . . .

A

Surgical removal of thyroid or radioactive iodine to destroy active thyroid cells

103
Q

The adrenal gland is . . . And is also referred to as . . .

A

Paired, pyramid-shaped organs atop kidneys
Suprarenal glands

104
Q

The adrenal gland is two glands in one and they are:

A

Adrenal cortex & adrenal medulla

105
Q

Adrenal cortex is . . .

A

Three layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete several different hormones (aldosterone, cortisol)

106
Q

Adrenal medulla is . . .

A

Nervous tissue that is part of the sympathetic nervous system

107
Q

Adrenal cortex is part of the adrenal gland that produced over ____ different hormones collectively called __________

A

24
Corticosteroids

108
Q

Adrenal cortex hormones:

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids

109
Q

Mineralocorticoids is primarily . . .

A

Aldosterone, which regulates sodium ion reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys

110
Q

Sodium ion reabsorption usually leads to . . .

A

Water reabsorption and raised blood volume and blood pressure

111
Q

Release of aldosterone is stimulated by . . .

A

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, rising potassium ion levels in the blood and ACTH

112
Q

Glucocorticoids are primarily . . .

A

Cortisol which helps the body resist stressors by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid and amino

113
Q

High levels of glucocorticoids can lead to . . .

A

Depress the immune system and the inflammatory response

114
Q

ACTH is the major stimulus for . . .

A

Glucocorticoid release

115
Q

Aldosterone causes:

A

Sodium reabsorption
Water reabsorption
Potassium excretion
Net increase in blood volume

116
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A

Decreased blood pressure stimulates special cells in the kidneys

117
Q

Renin cells release into . . .

A

The blood

118
Q

Renin cleaves off part of the plasma protein called . . .

A

Angiotensinogen that triggers enzyme cascade resulting in conversion to angiotensin II

119
Q

Angiotensin II is a potent stimulator of . . .

A

Aldosterone release

120
Q

Three major mechanisms controlling aldosterone release (important!!)

A
  1. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
  2. Plasma concentration of K+
  3. Adrenocorticotropic-tropic hormone
121
Q

Cortisol is released in response to . .

A

ACTH

122
Q

Excessive levels of glucocorticoids leads to:

A
  • depress cartilage and bone formation
  • inhibit inflammation by decreasing the release of inflammatory chemicals
  • depress immune system
  • disrupt normal cardiovascular, neural, and gastrointestinal functions
123
Q

Cushing’s syndrome / disease is . . .

A

Depresses cartilage / bone formation and immune system; inhibits inflammation; disrupts neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function

124
Q

Cushing’s syndrome causes:

A

Tumor on pituitary, lungs, pancreas, kidney or adrenal cortex; overuse of corticosteroids

125
Q

Cushingoid signs:

A

“Moon” face and “buffalo hump”

126
Q

Cushing’s treatment:

A

Removal of tumor, discontinuation of drugs

127
Q

Addison’s disease:

A

Usually involves deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

128
Q

Addison’s disease is the decrease in . . .

A

Plasma glucose and Na+ levels

129
Q

Symptoms of Addison’s disease

A

Weight loss, severe dehydration and hypotension

130
Q

Addison’s disease treatment

A

Corticosteroid replacement therapy

131
Q

Early sign of Addison’s disease

A

Characteristic bronzing of skin due to high level of ACTH, which triggers melanin production in melanocytes

132
Q

Adrenal medulla produces

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation

133
Q

Effects of Catecholamines:

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • increased heart rate
  • increased blood glucose levels
  • blood diverted to the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle
134
Q

Short-Term Stress:

A

The hypothalamus activates the adrenal medulla via neural stimuli

135
Q

Short-Term Stress Steps:

A
  1. Action potentials triggered by the hypothalamus in response to stressors activate the sympathetic nervous system
  2. APs travel along preganglionic sympathetic axons to the adrenal medulla
  3. The adrenal medulla secretes Amin acid-based hormones: epinephrine (80%) and some norepinephrine (20%)
  4. Epinephrine and norepinephrine reinforce other sympathetic responses to ready the body for exertion
136
Q

Long-Term Stress:

A

The hypothalamus activates the adrenal cortex via hormonal stimuli. This greatly reinforces the continuing short-term stress response

137
Q

Long-Term Stress Steps:

A
  1. Stressors cause hypothalamic neurons to release corticotropin-releasing hormone
  2. CRH travels via the portal system of blood vessels to the anterior pituitary
  3. Anterior pituitary cells release Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  4. ACTH travels in blood to the adrenal cortex
  5. The adrenal cortex synthesizes and releases glucocorticoids
138
Q

Short-term stress has effects on:

A

Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Metabolic

139
Q

Long-term stress has effect on:

A

Metabolic & renal

140
Q

Hyposecretion - Epinephrine and norepinephrine are not essential to life therefore . . .

A

There are no problems associated with hyposecretion

141
Q

Hypersecretion leads to symptoms of the uncontrolled sympathetic nervous system such as:

A

Hyperglycemia
Increased metabolic rate
Rapid heart beat
Palpitations
Hypertension
Intense nervousness
Sweating

142
Q

Select the hormone synthesized by the adrenal medulla.

A. epinephrine
B. Androgen
C. Cortisol
D. Aldosterone

A

A. Epinephrine

143
Q

How is aldosterone classified?

A. glucocorticoid
B. mineralocorticoid
C. catecholamine
D. gonadocorticoid

A

B. Mineralocorticoid

144
Q

Which adrenal gland hormone is correctly paired with one of its effects?

A. cortisol;kidneysretain sodium and water
B. Norepinephrine suppresses immune system
C. cortisol;increasesblood glucose level
D. aldosterone;dilates airways

A

C. cortisol;increasesblood glucose level

145
Q

Pineal gland is a. . .

A

Small gland hanging from roof of third ventricle

146
Q

_________ secretes __________, derived from serotonin

A

Pinealocytes
Melatonin

147
Q

Melatonin may affect:

A
  • timing of sexual maturation and puberty
  • day/night cycles
  • physiological processes that show rhythmic variations
  • production of antioxidant & detoxification in cells
148
Q

Pancreas has both ________ and ________ cells

A

Exocrine
Endocrine

149
Q

______________ produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion

A

Acinar cells

150
Q

______________ contain endocrine cells

A

Pancreatic islets

151
Q

____________ produce __________

A

Alpha cells
Glucagon

152
Q

___________ produce _________

A

Beta cells
Insulin

153
Q

Glucagon is . . .

A

Extremely potent hyperglycemic agent

154
Q

Glucagon is triggered by . . .

A

Decreased blood glucose levels, rising amino acid levels or sympathetic nervous system

155
Q

Raises blood glucose levels by targeting liver to:

A
  • break down glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis)
  • synthesize glucose from lactic acid and other non carbohydrates (gluconeogenesis)
  • release glucose into blood
156
Q

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels in three ways:

A
  • enchanted membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells
  • inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose
  • inhibits conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose
157
Q

Adipose tissue cells release:

A

Lepton
Resistin
Adiponectin

158
Q

Gastrointestinal tract has enteroendocrine cells secrete these hormones:

A

Gastric
Ghrelin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Incretins

159
Q

Skin secretes:

A

Calcitriol

160
Q

Which Hormone is the most important for regulating calcium balance in the blood?
A. parathyroid hormone
B. Calcitronin
C. Calcitriol
D. Thyroid hormone

A

A. parathyroid hormone

161
Q

How do cells of the pancreas respond to rising glucose levels?

A. Alpha cells release glucagon, which stimulates glycogen breakdown.

B. Acinar cells release insulin, which stimulates glucose uptake by cells

C. Exocrine cells release proinsulin, which inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

D. Beta cells release insulin, which stimulates glycogen formation in the liver

A

D. Beta cells release insulin, which stimulates glycogen formation in the liver

DPT 503 (14 decks)

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