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DPT 503 > Cardiovascular - lecture 1 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular - lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is pericarditis?

A

inflammation of the pericardium

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2
Q

pericarditis roughens membrane surface causing ___________ which sounds like _________.

A

pericardial friction rub
creaking

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3
Q

what is cardiac tamponade?

A

excessive fluid that leaks into pericardial space

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4
Q

cardiac tamponade can _______ the heart’s _______________.

A

compress
pumping ability

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5
Q

what are the three layers of heart wall?

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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6
Q

epicardium is the _______ layer of ____________________.

A

visceral
serous pericardium

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7
Q

what are the two parts of the epicardium?

A

parietal
visceral

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8
Q

myocardium is _________ or _________ bundles of ________ and ______ muscles

A

circular or spiral
contractile and non-contractile

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9
Q

endocardium is the __________ layer; is _________ with _______ lining of blood vessels

A

innermost
continuous
endothelial

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10
Q

endocardium lines _________ and covers _________ of valves

A

heart chambers
cardiac skeleton

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11
Q

what do heart valves ensure?

A

unidirectional blood flow through heart

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12
Q

heart valves ______ and ______ in response to _________________.

A

open
close
pressure changes

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13
Q

what are the two major types of valves?

A

atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

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14
Q

atrioventricular valves are located between . . .

A

atria and ventricles

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15
Q

atrioventricular valves are split into what two valves?

A

tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve

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16
Q

semilunar valves located between . . .

A

ventricles
major arteries

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17
Q

the steps when the AV valves are opening:

A
  1. blood returning to the heart fills atria, pressing against the AV valves. the increased pressure forces AV valves open
  2. as ventricles fill, AV flaps hang limply into ventricles
  3. atria contract, forcing additional blood into ventricles
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18
Q

AV valves open; atrial pressure is _________ than ventricular pressure

A

greater

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19
Q

the steps when the AV vales are closing:

A
  1. ventricles contract, forcing blood against AV valve cusps
  2. AV valves close
  3. papillary muscles contract and chordae tendineae tighten, preventing valve flaps from everting into atria
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20
Q

semilunar valves open as . . .

A

ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against semilunar valves forcing them to open

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21
Q

semilunar valves close as . . .

A

ventricles relax & intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from arteries, filling the cusps of semilunar valves and forcing them to close

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22
Q

two conditions that severely weaken the heart:

A

imcompetent valve
valvular stenosis

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23
Q

incompetent valve is when . . .

A

blood backflows so the heart repumps same blood over and over

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24
Q

example of incompetent valve is . . .

A

mitral regurgitation

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25
Q

valvular stenosis is . . .

A

stiff flaps that constrict the opening; this requires the heart to exert more force to pump blood

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26
Q

blood flow through the RIGHT side of the heart:

A

SVC, IVC & coronary sinus
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries
lungs

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27
Q

blood flow through the LEFT side of the heart:

A

four pulmonary veins
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
aorta
systemic circulation

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28
Q

blood from the LEFT side of the heart ends up at the . . .

A

whole body

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29
Q

blood from the RIGHT side of the heart ends up at the . . .

A

lungs

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30
Q

RIGHT side of the heart receives ________ blood & gets rid of ________

A

unoxygenated blood
CO2

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31
Q

LEFT side of the heart receives ________ blood

A

oxygenated

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32
Q

anatomy of the heart - LEFT SIDE (top to bottom)

A

aorta
left pulmonary artery
left atrium
left pulmonary veins
mitral (bicuspid) valve
aortic valve
pulmonary valve
left ventricle
papillary muscle
interventricular septum
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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33
Q

anatomy of the heart - RIGHT SIDE (top to bottom)

A

superior vena cava
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary trunk
right atrium
right pulmonary veins
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
chordae tendineae
inferior vena cava

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34
Q

the right ventricle has _______ wall than left ventricle

A

thinner

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35
Q

what shape is the right ventricle ?

A

crescent shape

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36
Q

the right ventricle _____ around left ventricle

A

wraps

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37
Q

the left ventricle has _______ wall than right ventricle

A

thicker

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38
Q

what shape is the left ventricle ?

A

round shape

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39
Q

what are the 2 coronary arteries ?

A

left coronary artery
right coronary artery

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40
Q

the LEFT coronary artery supplies blood to where ?

A

interventricular septum
anterior ventricular wall
left atrium
posterior wall of left ventricle

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41
Q

what are the 2 branches of the LEFT coronary artery ?

A

anterior interventricular artery
circumflex artery

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42
Q

the RIGHT coronary artery supplies blood to where ?

A

right atrium and most of right ventricle

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43
Q

what are the 2 branches of the RIGHT artery ?

A

right marginal artery
posterior interventricular artery

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44
Q

angina pectoris is ________ caused by _____________ to _________________.

A

thoracic pain
fleeting deficiency in blood delivery
myocardium

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45
Q

angina pectoris causes the ________ of cells and leads to _______________.

A

weakening
myocardial infarction

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46
Q

areas of cell death are repaired with . . .

A

noncontractile scar tissue

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47
Q

fatal heart attack can occur with 100% blockage of . . .

A

1) left main coronary
2) proximal left anterior descending (LAD) artery — widow maker artery

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48
Q

SIMILARITIES of skeletal and cardiac muscles

A
  • both are contractile tissues
  • both types of muscle contraction are preceded by depolarization in the form of an action potential (AP)
  • both require the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to release calcium (Ca2+)
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49
Q

DIFFERENCES of skeletal and cardiac muscles

A
  • some cardiac muscle cells are self-exictable
  • the heart contracts as a unit
  • special Ca2+ channel
  • no tetanic contractions in cardiac muscles
  • cardiac muscle must have aerobic respiration
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50
Q

what are the 2 kinds of myocytes in cardiac muscle ?

A

contractile cells
pacemaker cells

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51
Q

what are contractile cells responsible for?

A

contraction

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52
Q

what are pacemaker cells and what do they do?

A

noncontractile cells that spontaneously depolarize

53
Q

what do pacemaker cells initiate?

A

depolarization of the entire heart

54
Q

pacemaker cells do NOT need ____________ stimulation

A

nervous system

55
Q

the proper of having pacemaker cells is _________ or ____________.

A

automaticity or autorhythmic

56
Q

all cardiomyocytes contract as a _______ or ______________.

A

unit
none contract

57
Q

desmosomes prevent . . .

A

adjacents cells from separating during contraction

58
Q

gap junctions allow . . .

A

ions to pass from cell to cell, transmitting current across the entire heart

59
Q

contraction of all cardiac myocytes ensures what ?

A

effective pumping action

60
Q

skeletal muscles contract . . .

A

independently

61
Q

in skeletal muscle the wave of depolarization directly cause . . .

A

the release of ALL of the Ca2+ required for contraction

62
Q

in cardiac muscle depolarization opens . . .

A

special Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane

63
Q

depolarization opens ________________ allowing _______ of Ca2+ needed for contraction

A

slow Ca2+ channels
10-20%

64
Q

Ca2+ triggers _________________ in the SR to release a burst of Ca2+ ( _________ needed for contraction)

A

Ca2+ sensitive channels
80-90%

65
Q

cardiac muscle fibers have longer ___________ than skeletal muscle fibers

A

refractory period

66
Q

____________ is almost as long as ________ itself

A

absolute refractory period
contraction

67
Q

absolute refractory period prevents ________________.

A

tetanic contractions

68
Q

absolute refractory period allows the heart to _____ and _____ as needed to be an efficient pump

A

relax and fill

69
Q

cardiac muscle has more ________ than skeletal muscle so has greater ___________________.

A

mitochondria
dependence on oxygen

70
Q

skeletal muscle can go through _________ when oxygen is ________________.

A

fermentation
not present

71
Q

cardiac muscle ___________ function without oxygen

A

cannot

72
Q

cardiac is more ________ to other fuels, including ___________, but must have __________.

A

adaptable
lactic acid
oxygen

73
Q

where are pacemaker cells found?

A

SA node

74
Q

the steps of action potential initiation by pacemaker cells

A
  1. pacemaker potential
  2. depolarization
  3. repolarization
75
Q

Pacemaker potential

A

slow depolarization is due to both opening of Na+ channels and closing of K+ channels
** notice that the membrane potential is NEVER a flat line

76
Q

Depolarization

A

the action potential begins when the pacemaker potential reaches threshold.
** depolarization is due to Ca2+ influx through Ca2+ channels

77
Q

repolarization

A

is due to Ca2+ channels inactivating and K+ channels opening. this allows K+ efflux, which brings membrane potential back to its most negative voltage

78
Q

Sequence of excitation

A
  1. the sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker) generates impulses — 72-75 bpm
  2. the impulses pause (0.1s) at the atrioventricular (AV) node — 50 bpm
  3. the atrioventricular (AV) bundle connects the atria to the ventricles
  4. the bundle branches conduct the impulses through the interventricular septum
  5. the subendocardial conducting network depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles
79
Q

defects in the intrinsic conduction system may cause:

A

arrhythmias
fibrillation

80
Q

arrhythmias

A

irregular heart rhythms which is uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions

81
Q

fibrillation

A

rapid, irregular contractions

82
Q

treatment for fibrillation

A

defibrillation

83
Q

a defective SA node may cause ____________.

A

ectopic focus

84
Q

ectopic focus is an . . .

A

excitable group of cells that cause a premature heartbeat

85
Q

extrasystole is a . . .

A

premature contraction of the heart that is independent of the normal heart rhythm

86
Q

extrasystole occurs in response to an . . .

A

ectopic foci

87
Q

to reach ventricles, impulse must pass through . . .

A

AV node

88
Q

if AV node is defective may cause a . . .

A

heart block

89
Q

ventricles beat at their own . . .

A

intrinsic rate

90
Q

heartbeat modified by ______ via _______________ in the ______________________.

A

ANS
cardiac centers
medulla oblongata

91
Q

cardioacceleratory center sends signals through ______________ to increase both _________________.

A

sympathetic trunk
rate and force

92
Q

cardioacceleratory center stimulates . . .

A

SA and AV nodes, heart muscle, & coronary arteries

93
Q

cardioinhibitory center sends ____________________ via ____________ to decrease ________.

A

parasympathetic signals
vagus nerve
rate

94
Q

cardioinhibitory center inhibits . . .

A

SA and AV nodes via vagus nerves

95
Q

P wave

A

depolarization of SA node and atria

96
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization & atrial repolarization

97
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

98
Q

P-R interval

A

beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation

99
Q

S-T segment

A

entire ventricular myocardium depolarized

100
Q

Q-T interval

A

beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization

101
Q

systole

A

period of heart contraction

102
Q

diastole

A

period of heart relaxation

103
Q

cardiac cycle

A

blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat

104
Q

atrial systole and diastole are followed by . . .

A

ventricular systole and diastole

105
Q

mechanical events of heart

A
  1. ventricular filling: mid-to-late diastole
  2. isovolumetric contraction
  3. ventricular ejection
  4. isovolumetric relaxation: early diastole
106
Q

in ventricular filling: mid-to-late pressure is _____.
_______ of blood passively flows from ______ through ___________ into _______ (SL valves closed)

A

low
atria
open AV valves
ventricles

107
Q

atrial depolarization triggers _________ and ___________

A

atrial systole and atria contract

108
Q

end diastolic volume (EDV)

A

volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

109
Q

isovolumetric contraction is when the ____________ and __________________.

A

atria relax and ventricles begin to contract

110
Q

rising of ventricular pressure causes . . .

A

closing of AV valves

111
Q

isovolumetric contraction phase is split-second period when ventricles are . . .

A

completely closed, volume remains constant, ventricles continue to contract

112
Q

when ventricular pressure exceeds pressure in large arteries, SL valves are. . .

A

forced open

113
Q

end systolic volume (ESV)

A

volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole

114
Q

ventricular pressure drops causing backflow of blood from ______ and pulmonary trunk that triggers closing of __________.

A

aorta
SL valves

115
Q

heart beats around _____ times per minute

A

75

116
Q

cardiac cycle lasts about . . .

A

0.8 seconds

117
Q

atrial systole lasts about . . .

A

0.1 seconds

118
Q

ventricular systole lasts about . . .

A

0.3 seconds

119
Q

quiescent period is total heart relaxation that lasts about . . .

A

0.4 seconds

120
Q

what sound is the “lub” ?

A

closing of AV valves at beginning of ventricular systole

121
Q

what is the “dub” ?

A

closing of SL valves at beginning of ventricular diastole

122
Q

mitral valves closes slightly before _________ and aortic closes slightly before _______________.

A

tricuspid
pulmonary valve

123
Q

heart murmurs

A

abnormal heart sounds heard when blood hits obstructions

124
Q

heart murmurs usually indicate valve problems such as . . .

A

incompetent valve
stenotic valve

125
Q

incompetent valve

A

fails to close completely, allowing backflow of blood

126
Q

stenotic valve

A

fails to open completely, restricting blood flow through valve

127
Q

incompetent valves cause

A

swishing sounds

128
Q

stenotic valve causes

A

high-pitched sound or clicking

DPT 503 (14 decks)

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