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DPT 503 > lymphatic system > Flashcards

lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

beginnings of lymphatic vessels & main clusters of lymph nodes seen by __________ of embryonic development

A

week 5

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2
Q

arises as ___________ from developing veins

A

lymph sacs

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3
Q

jugular lymph sacs arises to form__________________ and ________________.

A

right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct

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4
Q

lymphatic organs (except thymus) arises from _________.

A

mesoderm

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5
Q

the lymphatic system is developmentally an off shoot of the ______________________.

A

venous system

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6
Q

in the human embryo there are 6 lymph sacs from which the lymphatic vessels are derived:

A

jugular (paired)
posterior lymph (paired)
retroperitoneal
cisterna chyli

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7
Q

lymphoid organs develop from __________________________.

A

mesodermal mesenchymal cells

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8
Q

thymus (endodermal origin) forms as an ___________________.

A

outgrowth of pharnyx

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9
Q

except for ________ and ________, lymphoid organs are poorly developed at __________.

A

spleen
tonsils
birth

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10
Q

after birth, HIGH numbers of _______________ appear; their development parallels with what?

A

lymphocytes
maturation of immune system

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11
Q

what does the lymphatic system do?

A

returns fluids leaked from blood vessels back to blood

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12
Q

lymphatic system consists of 3 parts

A
  1. network of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
  2. lymph
  3. lymph nodes
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13
Q

what is a lymph?

A

fluid in vessels

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14
Q

lymph nodes

A

cleanse lymph

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15
Q

what do lymphoid organs and tissues provide?

A

structural basis of immune system by housing phagocytic cells and lymphocytes

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16
Q

structures include . . .

A

spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, other lymphoid tissues

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17
Q

lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood via:

A

lymphatic vessels

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18
Q

what are lymphatic vessels?

A

elaborate network of drainage vessels

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19
Q

lymphatics circulates ________ interstitial fluid per day

A

~ 3 L

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20
Q

____% via the ______ duct

A

75%
thoracic

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21
Q

____% via the _____________ duct

A

25%
right lymphatic

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22
Q

once interstitial fluid enters lymphatics it is called what?

A

lymph

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23
Q

lymphatic vessels offer a _____________ ensuring lymph flows only toward the _________.

A

one-way system
heart

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24
Q

lymph vessels include _____________ and _______________.

A

lymphatic capillaries
larger lymphatic vessels

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25
Q

what are lymphatic capillaries ?

A

blind-ended vessels that weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries

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26
Q

lymphatic capillaries are absent from ________, _________, & ________________.

A

bones
teeth
bone marrow

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27
Q

lymphatic capillaries are similar to blood capillaries, but are . . .

A

more permeable

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28
Q

lymphatic capillaries main function is to . . .?

A

absorb fluid in lymph formation

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29
Q

where do lymphatic capillaries originate?

A

in close proximity to blood capillaries in the interstitial spaces

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30
Q

lymphatic capillaries do NOT contain __________.

A

valves

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31
Q

what can lymphatic capillaries take up that blood capillaries CANNOT

A

larger molecules & particles

ex: proteins, cell debris, pathogens & cancer cells

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32
Q

can act as route for _________ or _________ to travel throughout the ______.

A

pathogens
cancer cells
body

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33
Q

lymphatic capillaries have increased permeability due to two specialized structures:

A
  1. endothelial cells overlap loosely to form one-way minivalves
  2. minivalves are anchored by collagen filaments to matrix, so increases in ECF volume opens minivalves even more
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34
Q

increased ECF causes

A

minivalves to open

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35
Q

decreased ECF causes

A

minivalve to close

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36
Q

what are lacteals?

A

specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal muscosa

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37
Q

what do lacteal absorb?

A

digested fat & deliver fatty lymph (chyle) to the blood

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38
Q

lymph capillaries drain into increasingly larger vessels called . . .

A

collecting lymphatic vessels

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39
Q

larger lymphatic vessels consists of collecting . . .

A

vessels, trunks, and ducts

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40
Q

large lymphatic vessels have structures and tunics similar to veins except:

A

have thinner walls, with more internal valves
anastomose more frequently

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40
Q

collecting vessels in skin travel with ________________, but deep vessels travel with ________.

A

superficial veins
arteries

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40
Q

lymphatic trunks are formed by

A

union of largest collecting vessels, drain large areas of body

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41
Q

what region of the body do lumbar trunks drain?

A

lymph from the lower extremities, lower body quadrants, external genitalia

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42
Q

what region of the body do bronchomediastinal trunks drain?

A

lymph from the lungs, heart, trachea and mammary glands

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43
Q

what region of the body do subclavian trunks drain?

A

lymph from upper extremities, upper body quadrants, shoulder region, mammary glands

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44
Q

what region of the body do jugular trunks drain?

A

lymph from head and neck

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45
Q

what region of the body do intestinal trunk drain?

A

lymph from stomach and digestive system, liver and pancreas

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46
Q

where is cisterna chyli located?

A

abdominal origin of the thoracic duct
~ T11-L2 region

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47
Q

how long and wide is cisterna chyli?

A

~ 3-8cm long
~ 0.5-1.5cm wide

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48
Q

cisterna chyli receives lymph from where?

A

the lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk

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49
Q

lymph is delivered from trunks into one of two large lymphatic ducts which are . . .?

A

right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct

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50
Q

what does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

right upper arm and right side of head and thorax

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51
Q

what does the thoracic duct drain?

A

rest of the body

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52
Q

in about half of individuals, the thoracic duct starts out as what? and what is it called?

A

enlarged sac
cisterna chyli

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53
Q

where does the thoracic duct empty into?

A

the blood at the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins

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54
Q

where does the right lymphatic duct empty into?

A

the blood at the junction of the right internal jugular and subclavian veins

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55
Q

what is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body?

A

thoracic duct

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56
Q

what is the length and width of the thoracic duct?

A

36-45 cm in length
1-5 cm in width

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57
Q

the thoracic duct perforates the __________ and runs through the _______________________.

A

diaphargm
chest to the left venous angle

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58
Q

where is the thoracic duct located?

A

to the left and anterior to the spine

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59
Q

the thoracic duct transport lymphatic loads from where?

A

right and left lower quadrants, left upper quadrant, left head and neck

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60
Q

how long is the right lymphatic duct in length?

A

1-2.5 cm in length

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61
Q

the right lymphatic duct is formed from where?

A

the confluence of the right jugular, supraclavicular, subclavian, & parasternal trunks

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62
Q

where is the right lymphatic duct located?

A

at the area of the right venous angle

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63
Q

what does the right lymphatic connect with?

A

the venous system at the right venous angle

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64
Q

the right lymphatic transports ______ of the daily lymphatic load

A

25%

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65
Q

the lymphatic duct transport lymph from where?

A

the right upper quadrant, right head and neck

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66
Q

lymphangitis:

A

condition in which lymphatic vessels appear as painful red lines under the skin

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67
Q

lymphangitis is inflammation of what?

A

the lymph vessels

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68
Q

why is lymphangitis potentially dangerous?

A

because it is uncontained infection that may lead to septicemia

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69
Q

lymphangitis is caused by what?

A

inflammation of larger lymphatic vessels that contain vaso vasora

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70
Q

what happens to the vaso vasora?

A

become congested with blood

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71
Q

larger lymphatics, like blood vessels, receive their nutrients from where

A

branching vasa vasorum

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72
Q

lymph system is a ___________ system like venous system

A

low-pressure

73
Q

physical activity _________ flow of lymph; _____________ of area keeps needed inflammatory material in area for ____________.

A

increases
immobilization
faster healing

74
Q

lymphedema:

A

severe localized edema

75
Q

lymphedema is caused by what?

A

anything that prevents normal return of lymph to blood

76
Q

what is the difference between regular swelling & lymphedema

A

protein rich fluid

77
Q

common causes of lymphedema:

A

parasites
breast cancer surgery / radiation
primary lymphedema

78
Q

what do lymphoid cells consist of what two types of cell?

A

immune system cells
supporting cells

79
Q

where are immune system cells found?

A

lymphoid tissue

80
Q

where are supporting cells found?

A

lymphoid tissue structures

81
Q

immune system cells consists of what?

A

lymphocytes

82
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A

cells of the adaptive immune system

83
Q

lymphocytes mature into one of two main types of cells. . . what are they?

A

T cells
B cells

84
Q

T cells and B cells protect against what?

A

antigens

85
Q

what do T cells do?

A

manage immune response & some also attack & destroy infected cells

86
Q

what do B cells do?

A

produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies

87
Q

what are some other lymphoid immune cells?

A

macrophages
dendritic cells

88
Q

what are macrophages ?

A

phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells

89
Q

what are dendritic cells?

A

capture antigens & deliver them to lmyph nodes; also help activate T cells

90
Q

what is a supporting lymphoid cell?

A

reticular cells

91
Q

what are reticular cells?

A

produce reticular fibers called stroma in lymphoid organs

92
Q

what are stroma?

A

network-like support that acts as scaffolding for immune cells

93
Q

what are the main functions of lymphoid tissue?

A
  1. houses and provides proliferation sites for lymphocytes
  2. offers surveillance vantage points for lymphocytes and macrophages as they filter through lymph
94
Q

lymphoid tissue is largely composed of what ?

A

reticular connective tissue which is a a type of loose connective tissue

95
Q

where do macrophages live?

A

on reticular fibers

96
Q

reticular connective tissue dominates what?

A

all the lymphoid organs except the thymus

97
Q

what the two main types of lymphoid tissue?

A
  1. diffuse lymphoid tissue
  2. lymphoid follicles (nodules)
98
Q

what is diffuse lymphoid tissue?

A

loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and some reticular fibers

99
Q

where is diffuse lymphoid tissue found?

A

in virtually every body organ
larger collections in lamina propria of mucous membranes

100
Q

what are lymphoid follicles (nodules)?

A

solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers

101
Q

lymphoid follicles contain _________ of proliferating B cells

A

germinal centers

102
Q

what are primary lymphoid organs?

A

areas where T and B cells matures —- red bone marrow and thymus

103
Q

where do T and B cells originate?

A

in bone marrow, but only B cells mature there; T cells mature in thymus

104
Q

what are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigen and become activated

105
Q

examples of secondary lymphoid organs . . .

A

nodes, spleen, MALT & diffuse lymphoid tissues

106
Q

largest collections of MALT are found in?

A

tonsils
peyer’s patches
appendix

107
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A

principal secondary lymphoid organs of body

108
Q

where are lymph nodes embedded?

A

deep in connective tissue in clusters along lymphatic vessels

109
Q

lymph nodes can _______ or ________ in size during life

A

increase or decrease

110
Q

examples of regional lymph nodes?

A

cervical, axillary, inguinal lymph nodes

111
Q

two main functions of lymph nodes?

A
  1. cleansing the lymph
  2. immune system activation
112
Q

macrophages ________ and ________ microorganisms and debris that enter lymph

A

remove and destroy

113
Q

what is immune system activation?

A

offer a place for lymphocytes to become activated and mount an attack against antigens

114
Q

what are lymph nodes surrounded by?

A

external fibrous capsule

115
Q

capsule fibers extend inward as what ?

A

trabeculae that divide node into compartments

116
Q

two histologically distinct regions of node:

A

cortex
medulla

117
Q

what does the superfical area of cortex contain?

A

follicles with germinal centers that are heavy with dividing B cells

118
Q

what does the deep cortex house?

A

T cells in transit

119
Q

T cells circulate continuously among ________, __________, and _________

A

blood, lymph nodes, and lymph

120
Q

abundant numbers of dendritic cells are closely associated with ?

A

both T and B cells

121
Q

medullary cords extend inward from _________ and contain . . .

A

cortex
B cells, T cells and plasma cells

122
Q

what are found throughout lymph node?

A

lymph sinuses

123
Q

circulation in the lymph nodes:
1. lymph enters convex side of node via . . .

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

124
Q

Circulation in the lymph nodes:
2. travels through large _________________ and then into smaller sinuses found throughout cortex and medulla

A

subcapsular sinus

125
Q

circulation in the lymph nodes:
3. lymph then enters . . .

A

medullary sinuses

126
Q

circulation in the lymph nodes:
4. finally exits concave side at _______ via _______________________.

A

hilum
efferent lymphatic

127
Q

buboes:

A

inflamed, swollen, tender lymph nodes that result when nodes are overwhelmed by what they are trying to destroy

128
Q

dark blotches = . . . . =

A

acral necrosis
black death

129
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

enlargement of superficial lymph nodes

130
Q

lymph nodes can become secondary what?

A

cancer sites if metastasizing cancer cells become trapped in node

131
Q

what is the spleen?

A

blood-rich organ about size of fist

132
Q

where is the spleen located?

A

in left side of abdominal cavity, just below stomach

133
Q

the spleen is served by ____________ and _____, which enter and exit at the ________.

A

splenic artery
vein
hilum

134
Q

spleen functions:

A
  1. site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
  2. cleanses blood of aged blood cells and platelets; macrophages remove debris
135
Q

three additional functions of spleen:

A
  1. stores breakdown products of RBC for later resuse
  2. stores blood platelets and monocytes for release into blood when needed
  3. may be site of fetal erythrocyte production
136
Q

spleen is encased by ________________ and also has ___________.

A

fibrous capsule
trabeculae

137
Q

spleen consists of two components:

A
  1. white pulp
  2. red pulp
138
Q

what is a white pulp?

A

site where immune function occurs

139
Q

white pulp contains mostly . . .

A

lymphocytes on reticular fibers

140
Q

what is a red pulp?

A

site where old blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed

141
Q

red pulp is rich in . . .

A

RBCs and macrophages that engulf them

142
Q

red pulp is composed of ___________ that separate blood-filled ____________________.

A

splenic cords
splenic sinusoids

143
Q

the spleen has a ________ capsule, so direct blow or severe infection may cause it to . . .

A

thin
rupture, spilling blood into peritoneal cavity

144
Q

splenectomy:

A

surgical removal of ruptured spleen

145
Q

if spleen must be removed then ________ and ____________ take over most of its functions

A

liver
bone marrow

146
Q

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

lymphoid tissues in mucous membranes throughout body

147
Q

what does the MALT do?

A

protects from pathogens trying to enter body

148
Q

MALT is found in . . .

A

respiratory tract, genitourinary organs, and digestive tract

149
Q

what are the simplest lymphoid organs?

A

tonsils

150
Q

what do tonsils do?

A

form ring of lymphatic tissue around pharynx; appear as swellings of mucosa

151
Q

palatine tonsils

A

at posterior end of oral cavity

152
Q

which tonsil is the largest and most often infected?

A

palatine tonsils

153
Q

types of tonsils:

A

palatine
lingual
pharyngeal
tubal

154
Q

lingual tonsil

A

lumpy collection of follicles at base of tongue

155
Q

pharyngeal tonsil

A

also called adenoids; located in posterior wall of nasopharynx

156
Q

tubal tonsils

A

surround openings of auditory tubes into pharynx

157
Q

what is tonsils function?

A

to gather and remove pathogens in food or air

158
Q

tonsils are ___________ encapsulated

A

not fully

159
Q

overlying epithelium invaginates, forming . . .

A

tonsillar crypts

160
Q

peyer’s patches

A

clusters of lymphoid follicles in wall of distal portion of small intestine

161
Q

peyer’s patch are also called . . .

A

aggregated lymphoid nodules

162
Q

the number of peyer’s patches peak at age ________ and then declines during ____________.

A

15-25
adulthood

163
Q

peyer’s patches location aids in which functions?

A
  1. destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall
  2. generate “memory” lymphocytes
164
Q

appendix:

A

offshoot of first part of large intestine

165
Q

appendix contains a large number of . . .

A

lymphoid follicles

166
Q

appendix location aids in functions that are the same as . . . .

A

peyer’s patches

167
Q

primary lymphoid organs :

A

thymus
red bone marrow

168
Q

secondary lymphoid organs :

A

lymph nodes
tonsils
spleen
peyer’s patches
appendix

169
Q

thymus

A

bilobed lymphoid organ found in inferior neck
- extends into mediastinum and partially overlies heart

170
Q

the thymus functions as ____________ where T cells ___________

A

lymphoid organ
mature

171
Q

thymus is broken into lolubes that contain _________________ and ______________.

A

outer cortex
inner medulla

172
Q

the cortex contains what?

A

rapidly dividing lymphocytes and scattered macrophages

173
Q

medulla contains fewer _________ and ____________

A

lymphocytes
thymic corpuscles

174
Q

thymic corpuscles are where ___________________ develop

A

regulatory T cells

175
Q

regulatory T cells:

A

type of T cell that helps prevent autoimmunity

176
Q

how does the thymus differ from other lymphoid organs:

A
  1. has no follicles because it lacks B cells
  2. does not directly fight antigens
  3. stroma is made up of epithelial cells, not reticular fibers
177
Q

thymus functions strictly in . . .

A

T lymphocyte maturation

178
Q

T lymphocyte contains . . .

A

blood thymus barrier

179
Q

blood thymus barrier:

A

keeps immature T lymphocytes isolated from any antigens to prevent premature activation

180
Q

what is stroma made up of?

A

epithelial cells

181
Q
A

DPT 503 (14 decks)

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