respiratory system Flashcards
which tunica is the mucous membrane?
tunica mucosa
what are the three laminae/sheets of tunica mucosa?
lamina epithelialis, propria, and muscularis mucosa
what is lamina propria made of?
dense irregular c.t. right under the epithelium and contains bvs, nerves, and sometimes glands
what is lamina muscularis mucosa made of and its purpose?
smooth muscle that helps mucosa contract and relax to increase surface area for absorption
what is the boundary for the mucosa membrane?
lamina muscularis mucosa
what is the tunica submucosa made of?
loose irregular c.t. that has submucosal glands, bvs, and nerves
what type of cells may tunica submucosa have?
aggregation of immune cells
what is tunica muscularis made of and organized as?
smooth muscle and organized as inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
- bvs and small ganglia and nerves found here
what does the arrangement of tunica muscularis allow for?
peristalsis in the gut
what is tunica adventitia made of?
loose irregular collagenous c.t.
where is tunica adventitia found?
trachea and esophagus, reproductive and urinary organs
where is tunica serosa located?
inside body cavities
what is tunica serosa made of?
mesothelium
what is the purpose of tunica serosa?
secretes a thin, watery fluid to keep the surfaces moist and to reduce friction.
what happens when air is inhaled through the nostrils?
it’s warmed up and humidified
list how the air passes through
nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lung tissue
why is the lung tissue unique?
has alveoli that make the organ light
what is the purpose of alveoli?
oxygen from inhaled air is exchanged for CO2 in alveolar capillaries
Unoxygenated blood from the heart is pumped into the lungs through ___________________
pulmonary arteries
Oxygenated blood from the lungs flows back to the heart through the _______________
pulmonary veins
what does the air pass through that humidifies and warms it and occupies most of the nasal cavity?
turbinate bones
what cells does the turbinate bones have that have a secretory function?
goblet
what epithelium is the nasal cavity mostly lined by?
stratified squamous
what epithelium is located at the back of the nose?
olfactory
what kind of epithelium is olfactory epithelium?
pseudostratified with numerous olfactory neurons
Axons from the olfactory neurons run to the back of the nose where they pass through pores in the skull to reach the ____________ of the brain.
olfactory lobe
what is the nasopharynx?
passage that connects nasal cavity with pharynx
what is the larynx?
cartilaginous tube that is responsible for vocalization.
what is the epiglottis made of?
elastic cartilage
what is the purpose of the epiglottis?
close the larynx when food or water is swallowed into the esophagus which lies dorsal to the larynx. If the epiglottis were not to close the larynx at the proper time, food or water would enter the trachea and cause us to cough it up
If the food or water manages to get into the trachea and the lungs, it might cause ________________.
asphyxiation
list the types of cartilages the larynx is made of besides elastic
arytenoid, cricoid, thyroid
The laryngeal mucosa is lined by ______________epithelium in the front, but slowly changes to __________ epithelium as it joins the trachea.
stratified squamous
respiratory
The trachea is made of ___________________________ made of hyaline cartilage
incomplete cartilaginous rings
how is the open end of the incomplete cartilaginous rings closed?
trachealis muscle
what is the mucosa of the trachea lined by?
“respiratory epithelium”- pseudostratified columnar, ciliated epithelium with goblet cells.
what structure helps to trap coarse particles and move it up the air passages for expulsion?
cilia
what is the tunica muscularis in the trachea replaced by?
hyaline cartilage
what are the aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the bronchi?
BALT
what do the bronchioles contain?
smooth muscle, lack cartilage
what epithelium is present in the bronchioles?
thinner pseudostratified
true or false: cilia is present in the bronchioles
true
what does the epithelium become in the tertiary bronchioles?
simple columnar
what specialized cells do the bronchioles have and what is the purpose?
club or clara cells and ciliated cells that produce secretion to protect the bronchioles
what do terminal bronchioles end in?
alveolar ducts that lead to alveolar sacs
what cells line alveoli?
pneumocytes
what kind of cells are type I pneumocytes?
squamous
what is unique about type II pneumocytes?
secrete surfactant that prevents the collapse of alveolar walls and facilitates filling of air
what immune cell is present in alveoli?
macrophages
why are alveoli covered by capillaries?
for air exchange
