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histology > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

which tunica is the mucous membrane?

A

tunica mucosa

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2
Q

what are the three laminae/sheets of tunica mucosa?

A

lamina epithelialis, propria, and muscularis mucosa

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3
Q

what is lamina propria made of?

A

dense irregular c.t. right under the epithelium and contains bvs, nerves, and sometimes glands

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4
Q

what is lamina muscularis mucosa made of and its purpose?

A

smooth muscle that helps mucosa contract and relax to increase surface area for absorption

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5
Q

what is the boundary for the mucosa membrane?

A

lamina muscularis mucosa

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6
Q

what is the tunica submucosa made of?

A

loose irregular c.t. that has submucosal glands, bvs, and nerves

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7
Q

what type of cells may tunica submucosa have?

A

aggregation of immune cells

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8
Q

what is tunica muscularis made of and organized as?

A

smooth muscle and organized as inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
- bvs and small ganglia and nerves found here

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9
Q

what does the arrangement of tunica muscularis allow for?

A

peristalsis in the gut

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10
Q

what is tunica adventitia made of?

A

loose irregular collagenous c.t.

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11
Q

where is tunica adventitia found?

A

trachea and esophagus, reproductive and urinary organs

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12
Q

where is tunica serosa located?

A

inside body cavities

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13
Q

what is tunica serosa made of?

A

mesothelium

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14
Q

what is the purpose of tunica serosa?

A

secretes a thin, watery fluid to keep the surfaces moist and to reduce friction.

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15
Q

what happens when air is inhaled through the nostrils?

A

it’s warmed up and humidified

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16
Q

list how the air passes through

A

nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lung tissue

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17
Q

why is the lung tissue unique?

A

has alveoli that make the organ light

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18
Q

what is the purpose of alveoli?

A

oxygen from inhaled air is exchanged for CO2 in alveolar capillaries

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19
Q

Unoxygenated blood from the heart is pumped into the lungs through ___________________

A

pulmonary arteries

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20
Q

Oxygenated blood from the lungs flows back to the heart through the _______________

A

pulmonary veins

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21
Q

what does the air pass through that humidifies and warms it and occupies most of the nasal cavity?

A

turbinate bones

22
Q

what cells does the turbinate bones have that have a secretory function?

A

goblet

23
Q

what epithelium is the nasal cavity mostly lined by?

A

stratified squamous

24
Q

what epithelium is located at the back of the nose?

A

olfactory

25
Q

what kind of epithelium is olfactory epithelium?

A

pseudostratified with numerous olfactory neurons

26
Q

Axons from the olfactory neurons run to the back of the nose where they pass through pores in the skull to reach the ____________ of the brain.

A

olfactory lobe

27
Q

what is the nasopharynx?

A

passage that connects nasal cavity with pharynx

28
Q

what is the larynx?

A

cartilaginous tube that is responsible for vocalization.

29
Q

what is the epiglottis made of?

A

elastic cartilage

30
Q

what is the purpose of the epiglottis?

A

close the larynx when food or water is swallowed into the esophagus which lies dorsal to the larynx. If the epiglottis were not to close the larynx at the proper time, food or water would enter the trachea and cause us to cough it up

31
Q

If the food or water manages to get into the trachea and the lungs, it might cause ________________.

A

asphyxiation

32
Q

list the types of cartilages the larynx is made of besides elastic

A

arytenoid, cricoid, thyroid

33
Q

The laryngeal mucosa is lined by ______________epithelium in the front, but slowly changes to __________ epithelium as it joins the trachea.

A

stratified squamous
respiratory

34
Q

The trachea is made of ___________________________ made of hyaline cartilage

A

incomplete cartilaginous rings

35
Q

how is the open end of the incomplete cartilaginous rings closed?

A

trachealis muscle

36
Q

what is the mucosa of the trachea lined by?

A

“respiratory epithelium”- pseudostratified columnar, ciliated epithelium with goblet cells.

37
Q

what structure helps to trap coarse particles and move it up the air passages for expulsion?

A

cilia

38
Q

what is the tunica muscularis in the trachea replaced by?

A

hyaline cartilage

39
Q

what are the aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the bronchi?

A

BALT

40
Q

what do the bronchioles contain?

A

smooth muscle, lack cartilage

41
Q

what epithelium is present in the bronchioles?

A

thinner pseudostratified

42
Q

true or false: cilia is present in the bronchioles

A

true

43
Q

what does the epithelium become in the tertiary bronchioles?

A

simple columnar

44
Q

what specialized cells do the bronchioles have and what is the purpose?

A

club or clara cells and ciliated cells that produce secretion to protect the bronchioles

45
Q

what do terminal bronchioles end in?

A

alveolar ducts that lead to alveolar sacs

46
Q

what cells line alveoli?

A

pneumocytes

47
Q

what kind of cells are type I pneumocytes?

A

squamous

48
Q

what is unique about type II pneumocytes?

A

secrete surfactant that prevents the collapse of alveolar walls and facilitates filling of air

49
Q

what immune cell is present in alveoli?

A

macrophages

50
Q

why are alveoli covered by capillaries?

A

for air exchange

histology (10 decks)

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