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histology > connective tissue > Flashcards

connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what is c.t.?

A

tissue that holds other tissues together to give the body its form and has a supportive function

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2
Q

what is c.t. composed of?

A

cells called fibroblasts, fibers produced by these cells, and ground substance or extracellular matrix

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3
Q

what are the four basic types of c.t.?

A

Connective tissue proper
Blood
Bone
Cartilage

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4
Q

what are the two categories of c.t. proper?

A

dense c.t.
loose c.t.

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5
Q

what is loose c.t.?

A
  • loose filmy to gelatinous material that is present in tissues.
  • mostly irregular with random distribution of fibroblasts and loosely packed fibers weaving in and out of the c.t.
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6
Q

what is dense c.t.?

A

tougher and is found as protective sheaths, and also makes up ligaments and tendons.

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7
Q

what is dense regular c.t. and examples

A

fibers are packed tightly together and have the same orientation
ex. tendons and ligaments

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8
Q

what is dense irregular c.t. and examples?

A

random fibers and cells, but they are packed tightly together giving it a thick fabric-like appearance.
ex. Tough connective tissue sheaths and capsules of organs

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9
Q

what is the predominant cell type of c.t.?

A

fibroblasts

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10
Q

describe the appearance of fibroblasts

A

fusiform with an elongated nucleus

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11
Q

what do fibroblasts produce?

A

collagen fibers

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12
Q

what type of cell is predominant in embryonic tissue, are stellate, and are pluripotent?

A

mesenchymal cell

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13
Q

what are reticular cells

A

present in organs and provide a framework or scaffold for certain cells

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14
Q

give an example of where reticular cells are present and what they produce

A

lymph nodes, where they produce reticular fibers and provide a scaffold for lymphocytes to populate the lymph node

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15
Q

where are adipocytes found and why?

A

found in loose connective tissue and in adipose tissue that serves as a padding under the skin or around organs

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16
Q

which cell type has a signet ring?

A

adipocytes

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17
Q

list the inflammatory cells that migrate to c.t.

A

histiocytes, mast cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages and plasma cells

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18
Q

describe type I collagen

A
  • most predominant, 90% of c.t.
  • coarse fibers: produced by fibroblasts but also smooth muscle cells and osteoblasts
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19
Q

describe type II collagen (fine collagen)

A
  • found in cartilage, nucleus of pulposus of intervertebral disc, and vitreous humor of eye
  • can’t see it
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20
Q

describe type III collagen (reticular fibers)

A
  • produced by reticular cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells
  • found in lymphoid organs and skin
  • visualized with silver strain
21
Q

describe type IV collagen (lattice fibers)

A
  • forms lattice on which epithelial cells rest
  • makes up basement membrane for epithelial surfaces
22
Q

where are elastic fibers found?

A

bvs and elastic cartilage

23
Q

what are elastic fibers synthesized by?

A

fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and chondroblasts

24
Q

what are ground substances made of?

A

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans

25
Q

what is the purpose of ground substance?

A
  • retain water and help with nutrient transfer
  • important for tissue repair and regeneration
26
Q

true or false: you can’t see ground substance in a stain

A

true

27
Q

true or false: muscle is a type of c.t.

A

false

28
Q

muscle account for what percentage of body mass?

A

70%

29
Q

what are the 3 basic types of muscle?

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
30
Q

what is the purpose of skeletal muscle?

A
  • making the body move
  • provides shape
  • plays important role in physiological function like metabolism, thermogenesis, and maintaining electrolyte balance
31
Q

what is the purpose of smooth muscle?

A
  • forms protective covering for internal organs and helps in their motility
  • helps with storing body fluid and ingesta, digestion and respiration
  • helps maintain blood pressure
  • facilitates movement of blood throughout body
32
Q

what is cardiac muscle responsible for?

A

supplying blood to and from different parts of body

33
Q

what is the most abundant type of muscle in body?

A

skeletal

34
Q

Each muscle is made up of individual muscle cells or ________

A

myofibers

35
Q

Each muscle cell or myofiber is made up of numerous _________

A

myofibrils

36
Q

Each myofibril is made up of ___________ stacked on top of each other

A

sarcomeres

37
Q

Each sarcomere is made up of myofilaments, what are myofilaments composed of?

A

actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin

38
Q

what gives muscle its striated appearance?

A

actin and myosin filament arrangement within the sarcomere

39
Q

The nuclei of the myofibers are always located in the ____________

A

periphery

40
Q

what can skeletal muscle be identified by?

A
  • striations
  • peripherally located nuclei
41
Q

true or false: skeletal muscle is placed under involuntary control

A

false: voluntary

42
Q

describe the muscle fiber of smooth muscle

A

short, fusiform, tightly packed

43
Q

why is the smooth muscle in the gut arranged as an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer?

A

helps peristalsis

44
Q

why are striations not visible in smooth muscle?

A

myofilaments are oriented along the axis of the cell

45
Q

why are there gap junctions between cells of smooth muscle?

A

to facilitate quick and coordinated contraction

46
Q

how can smooth muscle be identified?

A

Lack of striations
Short length
Centrally placed nuclei

47
Q

why is cardiac muscle unique?

A

it is not only under autonomic control, but has its own rhythm of contraction

48
Q

how can cardiac muscle be identified?

A
  • striations
  • centrally placed nuclei
  • branched
  • intercalated discs

histology (10 decks)

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