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histology > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the mucous membrane of the oral cavity lined by?

A

stratified squamous

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2
Q

the epithelium of the mucous membrane is keratinized on the surface of what two structures of the oral cavity?

A

tongue and hard palate

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3
Q

which papillae of the tongue is the most abundant and looks sharp?

A

filiform

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4
Q

which papillae of the tongue look like leaves?

A

foliate

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5
Q

which papillae of the tongue are the largest and located at the back?

A

vallate

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6
Q

which papillae does not have taste buds and serve as sensory function?

A

filiform

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7
Q

what is the outer layer of the teeth?

A

enamel

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8
Q

what is the inner layer of the teeth?

A

dentine

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9
Q

what is enamel secreted by?

A

ameloblasts

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10
Q

what is dentine produced by?

A

odontoblasts

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11
Q

when are the ameloblasts lost?

A

once the teeth erupts from the gum

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12
Q

what makes up the core of the teeth?

A

pulp cavity

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13
Q

what is the surface that projects from the gumline?

A

crown

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14
Q

true or false: the root has enamel

A

false

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15
Q

what is dentin gradually replaced by as teeth goes deeper?

A

cementum

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16
Q

what is the cementum the surface to that attaches the tooth to the jaw bone?

A

periodontal ligament

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17
Q

what is the unit of the salivary gland called?

A

acinus

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18
Q

what is the acinus made of?

A

a ball of epithelial cells surrounding a small lumen

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19
Q

Secretions from the lumen are transported through _____________ ducts that drain into larger striated ducts that further drain into __________ ducts.

A

intercalated
intralobular

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20
Q

Salivary gland secretions may be serous (watery) in which case the acinar cells appear to be _________

A

eosinophilic

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21
Q

a mixed salivary gland has mucous secreting acini with a serous secreting cap called what?

A

serous demilune

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22
Q

what epithelium is the pharynx lined by?

A

stratified squamous

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23
Q

When the esophagus runs through the neck and is surrounded by muscles, it is covered on the outside by what?

A

T. adventitia

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24
Q

when the esophagus runs through the thoracic cavity it is lined on the outside by what?

A

T. serosa

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25
Q

what is the epithelium of the esophagus lined by?

A

stratified squamous

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26
Q

true or false: the human stomach is glandular

A

true

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27
Q

what are the three distinct parts of the stomach?

A

cardia, fundus, pylorus

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28
Q

what part of the stomach are the gastric glands extensive?

A

fundic

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29
Q

what is the purpose of the gastric glands?

A

secrete the gastric juice which is rich in hydrochloric acid and enzymes that digest proteins

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30
Q

what is the pH of the stomach close to?

A

2

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31
Q

how does the stomach protect itself from its own secretions?

A

the surface of the stomach is lined by surface mucous cells that secrete a thick lining of mucous

32
Q

describe parietal cells

A

cells responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid. They have specialized channels in their cytoplasm that help to move the hydrochloric acid out without digesting the cell.

33
Q

what is the purpose of chief cells?

A

secrete pepsinogen that is converted to pepsin in the presence of hydrochloric acid. This enzyme digests proteins

34
Q

what is the purpose of enteroendocrine cells?

A

secrete hormones (gastrin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, chromogranin) that act locally on the gut to coordinate the secretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes.

35
Q

what are the purpose of stem cells in the GI tract?

A

found at the neck of the gastric glands and help to replenish cells that line the gastric glands.

36
Q

what is the T. muscularis made of in the stomach?

A

inner oblique followed by circular and then longitudinal layers of smooth muscle

37
Q

what is the outermost layer of the stomach lining?

A

mesothelium or T. serosa and contains blood vessels, fat and nerves.

38
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

39
Q

what are the folds of the mucous membrane of the small intestine called?

A

plica circulares

40
Q

what are the projections into the lumen called?

A

villi

41
Q

what epithelium is the surface of the villi covered by?

A

simple columnar

42
Q

what are the columnar cells of the small intestine called?

A

enterocytes

43
Q

what do enterocytes have on their apical surface to facilitate absorption?

A

microvilli

44
Q

what are the glands of the small intestine called?

A

crypts of lieberkuhn

45
Q

what are the crypts of lieberkuhn called?

A

enterocytes and goblet cells that secrete mucus

46
Q

what is the lymphatic vessel in the core of the villi made of loose c.t.?

A

lacteal

47
Q

what is the purpose of lacteal?

A

Fat in the gut is absorbed into the lacteals and traverses through the lymphatic system.

48
Q

which part of the small intestine has submucosal glands?

A

duodenum

49
Q

what part of the small intestine has peyer’s patches?

A

ileum

50
Q

what part of the small intestine is the longest section of the small intestine and has occasional lymphatic nodules?

A

jejunum

51
Q

what does the portal vein break down into in the liver?

A

sinusoidal capillaries

52
Q

describe the hepatic portal system

A

the portal vein starts off as capillaries in the villi and breaks up into capillaries in the liver

53
Q

what are the small ganglia between the T. muscularis layers?

A

myenteric plexuses

54
Q

what is peristalsis

A

muscles help to propel the digesta forward in progressive motion

55
Q

what is the tunica serosa that has fat, bvs, and nerves covered by?

A

mesothelium

56
Q

what is the large intestines made of?

A

small colon, large colon and rectum

57
Q

true or false: the large intestine has the Crypts of Lieberkuhn but the villi are absent

A

true

58
Q

where is the T. adventitia?

A

anus

59
Q

the caudal part of the rectum and anus are lined by what epithelium?

A

stratified squamous

60
Q

what species don’t have a gallbladder?

A

rodents and horses

61
Q

what is the liver important for?

A

metabolizing nutrients and drugs

62
Q

what are the polyhedral cells of the liver called?

A

hepatocytes

63
Q

where do the cords of hepatocytes arise from?

A

central vein

64
Q

what do the sinusoidal capillaries between the cords of the liver line?

A

hepatic sinuses

65
Q

the radiating cords from one central vein form in the liver?

A

hepatic lobule

66
Q

what forms the portal triad?

A

portal vein, bile duct, and hepatic artery

67
Q

in what species is the hepatic lobule is nicely delineated by a thin layer of connective tissue?

A

pigs

68
Q

where does nutrient blood flow to the liver come from?

A

hepatic artery

69
Q

where does the functional flow come through and exist through?

A

portal vein
hepatic vein

70
Q

what epithelium is the gallbladder lined by?

A

simple columnar

71
Q

what does bile contain?

A

bile acids, salts and pigment and it is important for emulsifying ingested fats, and coloring the feces.

72
Q

where is the pancreas attached to?

A

duodenum

73
Q

what is the exocrine part of the pancreas responsible for?

A

secretion of amylases, peptidases and lipases for digestion

74
Q

what is the small cell in the lumen of the pancreatic acini?

A

centroacinar cell

75
Q

how do the cytoplasm of the pancreatic cells appear in the basal compartment?

A

basophilic

76
Q

why does the cytoplasm of the pancreatic cells appear eosinophilic in the apical compartment?

A

zymogen granules

77
Q

The pancreas secretes the enzymes in response to gastric signals such as:

A

cholecystokinin, gastrin and somatostatin

histology (10 decks)

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