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histology > cartilage and bone > Flashcards

cartilage and bone Flashcards

1
Q

what is cartilage?

A

type of connective tissue that has a consistency between tendon and bone

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2
Q

since cartilage is avascular, how does it get its nutrition?

A

diffusion

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3
Q

in joints, what does cartilage cover?

A

articular surfaces to prevent friction

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4
Q

what does cartilage serve as a template for?

A

bone formation

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5
Q

where do we find cartilage for the purpose of flexibility?

A

external ear and the tip of the nose

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6
Q

where is cartilage present where structure is required but still needs to be moist, expansible and flexible?

A

trachea and bronchi

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7
Q

where is cartilage present in joints?

A

menisci and around articular surfaces and where tendons insert on bones

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8
Q

what is cartilage composed of?

A

specialized cells, fibers and ground substance

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9
Q

what membrane covers cartilage?

A

perichondrium

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10
Q

where is perichondrium lacking?

A

around articular surfaces

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11
Q

what is perichondrium made of?

A

dense irregular collagenous connective tissue and carries blood vessels and nerves in it

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12
Q

what divides and secretes the matrix that make up the bulk of cartilage?

A

chondroblasts

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13
Q

what is the matrix made of?

A

glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and chondroitin sulfate

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14
Q

what do chondroblasts in the matrix mature into?

A

chondrocytes

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15
Q

what are the organized groups of chondrocytes that do not move away from the parent cell called?

A

cell nests

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16
Q

what are multinucleated giant cells in the cartilage called that are sometimes present in cartilage after injury for dissolving cartilage and remodeling?

A

chondroclasts

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17
Q

which type of cartilage does chondrocytes produce?

A

type II (fine collagen fibers) and sometimes elastic fibers

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18
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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19
Q

where is hyaline cartilage usually found?

A

articular surfaces, ends of long bones, trachea and bronchi

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20
Q

what are the spaces that cell nests occupy in hyaline cartilage?

A

lacunae

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21
Q

when is hyaline cartilage not surrounded by perichondrium?

A

articular surfaces

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22
Q

where is elastic cartilage found?

A

external ear and some cartilages of the larynx

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23
Q

how does fibrocartilage appear?

A

like dense collagenous c.t.

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24
Q

true or false: Chondrocytes are present in lacunae and cell nests among interweaving bundles of type III collagen

A

false: type I

25
Q

how are the fibers in fibrocartilage arranged?

A

herring bone

26
Q

where is fibrocartilage present?

A

menisci of joints, intervertebral discs and where tendons insert on bones

27
Q

what is bone?

A

hard tissue but is highly vascular and viable

28
Q

what is the purpose of bone?

A

provides strength and rigidity to the body, and makes up the skeletal system, provides attachment for tendons and muscles and ligaments

29
Q

true or false: bone forms joints that allow for flexibility of the skeleton

A

true

30
Q

what does bone store?

A

calcium and phophorus

31
Q

what are juvenile bone cells called?

A

osteoblasts

32
Q

what are mature bone cells called?

A

osteocytes

33
Q

what are bone cells that dissolve bone and remodel it called?

A

osteoclasts

34
Q

what is the organic substance found in the matrix that makes up the bulk of it?

A

osteoid

35
Q

what are osteocytes trapped in?

A

lacunae

36
Q

how do osteocytes communicate through fire canals in the osteoid?

A

canaliculi

37
Q

what is the process of bone formed from cartilage?

A

endochondral ossification

38
Q

what process is flat bone formed from?

A

intramembranous ossification

39
Q

what is another name for immature bone?

A

woven bone

40
Q

why is woven bone weaker?

A

irregular organization

41
Q

what is the main difference of how mature and immature bone?

A

how the osteocytes are organized

42
Q

how are osteocytes distributed in mature bone?

A

evenly distributed in circular lamellae around a central blood vessel and are organized as “osteons”

43
Q

what is the central vascular canal of an osteon?

A

haversian canal

44
Q

what is the lamellae that go around the periphery of the bone called?

A

outer circumferential lamellae

45
Q

what is the laminae that go around the marrow cavity that is located in the center of the long bone

A

inner circumferential lamellae

46
Q

what are the horizontal vascular channels that connect several haversian channels to make sure the bone is well supplied with blood?

A

Volkman’s canals

47
Q

what is the tough membrane that covers the outside of the bone?

A

periosteum

48
Q

what is the marrow cavity lined by?

A

endosteum

49
Q

list examples of long bone?

A

Humerus, femur, radius, tibia

50
Q

example of short bone

A

digits

51
Q

examples of flat bone

A

skull, scapula, pelvis, ribs, sternum

52
Q

examples of irregular bone

A

vertebrae, sesamoids.

53
Q

examples of special bone

A

turbinates, bones of the middle ear.

54
Q

all bones when immature, are made of ___________________

A

woven bone

55
Q

When bone is mature, they are made up of _______ and _________

A

osteons and lamellae

56
Q

what is the site of blood cell formation?

A

bone marrow

57
Q

what are the multinucleated cells found in bone marrow?

A

megakaryocytes

58
Q

what do megakaryocytes break up to become?

A

platelets

histology (10 decks)

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