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2. Microanatomy > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system

A

Lungs and airways that link the sites of gaseous exchange with the external environment
2 divisions: Conducting (transport of air) and respiratory (gaseous exchange)

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2
Q

What structures are within the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Nasal cavity
Internal nares/ paranasal sinuses
Nasopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles through terminal bronchiole

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3
Q

What are the structures within the respiratory portion?

A

Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveoli

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4
Q

What are the functions of the conducting portion?

A

Cleaning of air
Humidification of air
Warming/ cooling of air
Olfaction
Phonation (larynx)

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5
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory portion?

A

Gaseous exchange
Surfactant production- lowers surface tension (clara cells, great alveolar cells)

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6
Q

_______ also excretes volatile gases, alcohol and water

A

Lungs

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7
Q

Structures keeping airways patent (for inhalation and exhalation)

A
  1. nasal cavity (bone)
  2. trachea (cartilage rings)
  3. Bronchi (cartilage plaques/ musculoelastic tissue)
  4. Bronchiole (musculoelastic tissue)
  5. Alveolar duct (musculoelastic tissue)
  6. Alveoli (fibroelastic tissue)
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8
Q

Sagittal section of dog’s nasal cavity

A

Vestibular (cutaneous)
Respiratory
Olfactory

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9
Q

Vestibular (cutaneous part of the nasal cavity)

A

Alar cartilage support (hyaline)
Stratified squamous keratinized
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands

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10
Q

Respiratory part of the nasal cavity

A

Pseudostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells for cleaning air
Sebaceous glands for humidification of air
Venous sinuses for warming/ cooling of air

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11
Q

Turbinate bone labyrinth

A

Where heavy dust particles are retained

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12
Q

What are the three cells of the olfactory portion of the nasal cavity

A

Supporting cells
Bipolar olfactory neurons
Basal cells

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13
Q

What are the components of the olfactory part of the nasal cavity

A

Cilia: non-motile, dendrite of bipolar olfactory neurons
Axons of bipolar neurons: form olfactory nerve
Lamina propria: serous glands (Bowman’s), odor particles dissolved

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14
Q

What does the olfactory cells give rise to?

A

Olfactory hairs: long non-motile cilia where the distal two thirds of the cilia contain 9 peripheral single microtubules

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15
Q

What do the Bowman’s glands produce?

A

Watery secretion where odorous substances are dissolved then detected by olfactory cilia

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16
Q

Epithelium of the Oropharynx

A

Stratified squamous non–keratinized in dogs and cats
Keratinized in ruminants

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17
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Pseudostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells

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18
Q

Larynx

A

Organ of phonation (vocal cords): Pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous non-keratinized
Cartilage: hyaline, few elastic

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19
Q

Epiglottis

A

Lingual side: strat. squamous
Pharyngeal side: pseudostrat. columnar in dogs and cats, strat. squamous in ruminants
Elastic cartilage: replaced by fat with age

20
Q

Trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi

A

Pseudostratified columnar
Lamina propria and submucosa inseparable
Adventitia has C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings whose dorsal ends are covered by trachialis m.

21
Q

Components of the Mucociliary apparatus

A

Pseudostrat. columnar with:
1. goblet cells: secrete mucous which trap dust particles
2. cilia: sweep trapped particles to pharynx where they’re swallowed

22
Q

Immotile cilia syndrome (Kartagener’s syndrome)

A

Caused by dynein deficiency
Prone to respiratory infections and are infertile

23
Q

Cilia runs ________ in the nasal cavity and _________ in the trachea

A
  1. clockwise
  2. anticlockwise
    allows trapped particles and mucus to be pushed toward pharynx and swallowed
24
Q

Intrapulmonary bronchial tree

A
  1. Primary bronchus: each lung
  2. Secondary bronchus: each lobe of lung
  3. Tertiary bronchus: each segment of lobe
  4. Primary bronchiole: each lobule of segment
  5. Terminal bronchiole: gives rise to 3 respiratory bronchioles
  6. Respiratory bronchiole gives rise to 2-11 alveolar ducts
  7. Alveolar sacs with alveoli
25
Q

What happens to bronchus as it goes deeper?

A

Will decrease in size and have:
Smaller lumen and cartilage
Shorter epithelium
Thicker muscle cells
Fewer glands

26
Q

How does the bronchiole differ from the bronchus?

A

No cartilage or glands
Thicker smooth muscles

27
Q

How is the bronchi different than the trachea?

A

Cartilage ring replaced by cartilage plates
Smooth muscles cells under epithelium
Muscularis mucosa present

28
Q

What are the 3 layers of the bronchus?

A

Tunica mucosa
T. submucosa
T. adventitia

29
Q

T. mucosa

A

Pseudostrat. columnar with goblet and cilia
Lamina propria (loose irreg. CT)
Muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle cells)

30
Q

T. submucosa

A

Serous glands embedded in loose irreg. CT

31
Q

T. adventitia

A

Contains hyaline cartilage plates

32
Q

Bronchioles

A

1 mm or less diameter
Respiratory epith. in larger ones, simple cuboidal epith. with clara cells in smaller

33
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

Most distal part of the conducting portion
Less than 0.5 mm diameter
Clara cells, some ciliated cells, no goblet cells

34
Q

Smooth muscle contraction

A

In response to allergy/ anaphylactic shock/ asthma leads to dyspnea

35
Q

Smooth muscle dilation

A

In response to sympathetic stimulation leads to widening of the air ways

36
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

Transition from conducting to respiratory portion
Sites of gaseous exchange

37
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

Adjacent alveoli separated from one another by intralveolar septum
Smooth muscle cells in walls
Simple squamous with type I and type II cells

38
Q

Alveoli

A

Thin walls across which oxygen and CO2 can diffuse between the air and blood
Separated by intralveolar septa
Simple squamous

39
Q

Alveoli structure

A

Type 1 cells: gaseous exchange (95%)
Type 2 cells: surfactant production
Alveolar macrophages: phagocytosis (heart failure cells)

40
Q

When does alveolar macrophages increase?

A

In patients with congestive heart failure
Cytoplasm filled with hemosiderin

41
Q

Interalveolar septa

A

Capillaries
CT cells
Type 1 collagen and elastic fibers (fibroelastic skeleton)

42
Q

Surfactant

A

Reduces surface tension of the alveolar surface so alveoli can expand easily during inspiration and are prevented from collapsing during expiration

43
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

Life-threatening disorder of immaturely born babies
Surfactant deficiency inversely increases with the gestation age
lack of Type II cells

44
Q

Air-blood barrier

A
  1. Surfactant
  2. Type 1 alveolar cells
  3. Fused BM of alveolar epith. and endothelium of capillaries
  4. endothelial cytoplasm
  5. Blood plasma
    Total thickness: 300 nm
45
Q

Blood supply

A

Functional: pulmonary a.
Nutritional: Bronchial a.

2. Microanatomy (16 decks)

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