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2. Microanatomy > Digestive System (Oral Cavity to Stomach) > Flashcards

Digestive System (Oral Cavity to Stomach) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the digestive system comprised of?

A

Oral cavity and alimentary canal

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2
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Includes esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and several glands
Hollow tube with 4 layers

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3
Q

What are the layers of the alimentary canal?

A
  1. T. mucosa
  2. T. submucosa
  3. T. muscularis
  4. T. Serosa (CT covered by mesothelium) / T. adventitia
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4
Q

What is included in the oral cavity?

A

Lips, palate, teeth, tongue and salivary glands

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5
Q

Epithelium of the lip and cheek (oral cavity)

A

Outer surface: Strat. squamous keratinized with hair
Inner surface: Strat. squamous non-keratinzed (dogs) and keratinized (ruminants and horses)

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6
Q

Hard palate

A

Strat. squamous keratinized (thick in ruminants and forms the dental pad rostrally)
Blended lamina propria and submucosa covering bony tissue

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7
Q

Soft palate

A

Strat. squamous on oral side
Pseudostrat. ciliated on nasal side
Blended lamina propria with lymphatic tissue

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8
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A

Mastication, taste, licking and suckling

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9
Q

Mucosa form papillae

A

Filiform (keratinized in horses, ruminants and cats, most numerous, no TB)
Fungiform (mushroom shape)
Foliate (RABBITS, leaf shape)
Circumvallate
Conical and lenticular (lent. only in ruminants, lentil shape)

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10
Q

Mechanical papillae

A

Filiform
Conical
Lenticular

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11
Q

Gustatory

A

Circumvallate (taste buds on lat. side)
Foliate (TB on lat. side)
Fungiform (few TB on dorsal side)

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12
Q

How many planes does the skeletal muscle on the tongue have?

A

3: longitudinal, vertical and transverse

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13
Q

What glands are present on the tongue?

A

Serous/ mucous (VonEdner associated with circumvallate papillae)

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14
Q

Lyssa (tongue)

A

Fatty tissue and muscle in CT capsule
Dog, cat and pig

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15
Q

Horse tongue

A

Dorsal lingual cartilage (hyaline) with CT
(fibroelastic CT and fat)

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16
Q

Ruminants tongue

A

Torus linguae (thickened mucosa on caudal dorsal aspect)
Lenticular papillae

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17
Q

Birds tongue

A

Lingual bone

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18
Q

Taste bud

A

Bell-shaped
Taste cells, supporting cells, and nerve fibers innervating taste cells
4 taste qualities: sweet, salt, bitter and acid

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19
Q

What are the salivary glands?

A

Parotid, mandibular, sublingual, zygomatic (canivores) and molar (cats)

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20
Q

Parotid

A

Serous
Striated ducts

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21
Q

Saliva

A

Contains amylase which starts the carbohydrate digestion in the oral cavity

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22
Q

What do teeth consist of?

A

Soft tissues (pulp cavity and periodontal ligament)
Hard tissues (enamel, dentin and cement)

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23
Q

Enamel

A

Covers the crown
Hardest substance in the body
Acellular and avascular
Have prisms synthesized by ameloblasts (non-regernative)

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24
Q

Dentin

A

Skeleton of the tooth
Living and regenerable
Have dentinal tubules and inter-tubular tissue

25
What are the tubules of dentin composed of?
Calcified matrix containing collagen fibers Synthesized by odontoblasts lining the inner pulp cavity
26
Cementum
Covers dentin of the root Consists of calcifed matrix with collagen fibers synthesized by cementocytes
27
Periodontal ligament
Dense CT with no mineral Fibers penetrate as Sharpey's fibers on one side and insert to bony alveolus on the other
28
Dental pulp
Jelly-like, with fibers CT cells, BVs, and nerve fibers Lined by odonoblasts
29
Brachydont
Simple Crown covered by enamel and root by cementum Teeth in man, carnivores and swine (except canine) and incisors in ruminants
30
Hypsodont
Complex Cement covers root and crown All teeth in horse and rodents, molars in ruminants, pig canines
31
Tunica mucosa in the esophagus
Strat. squamous non-keratinized in man and dog Strat. squamous keratinized in all other domestic species
32
Submucosa in esophagus
Mucous glands Short cranial segment of horse, cat and ruminants Cranial half only in pig Throughout the dog
33
T. Muscularis in esophagus
Skeletal throughout dog and ruminants Skeletal in first two-third, mix of smooth and skeletal in middle , then smooth distally in other species
34
Serosa/adventitia in esophagus
Serosal covering in the thoracic and abdominal part Adventitial in the cervical part
35
How is the stomach classified?
Simple, compound monogastric and compound polygastric
36
Simple stomach
Rugae (mucosa and submucosa), gastric pits, simple columnar with mucus cells (secrete alkaline) Glands in lamina propria TJs
37
Simple stomach in the dog and cat
Cardiac (small), fundic and pyloric parts No cutaneous
38
Simple stomach in the pig
Largest cardiac Small cutaneous part (strat. squamous keratinized)
39
Simple Stomach in the horse
Very large cutaneous part Demarcation with the glandular part (margoplicatus)
40
Compound stomach
Rumen, reticulum, omasum: cutaneous part modified to form papillae, fermentation of cellulose to form volatile fatty acids Abomasum: structurally similar to simple stomach
41
What are the functions of the simple stomach?
Continue the digestion of carbohydrate Add acidic fluid to the food Transform the food into a chyme Promote the initial digestion of proteins with enzymes pepsin and secrete hormones
42
What are the 3 regions of the simple stomach?
Cardia, fundus, pylorus
43
How long does it take mucous cells to be replaced?
every 3-4 days
44
What cell types are present in the simple stomach?
Mucous cells Chief cell (zygomatic)- pepsinogen Parietal cell Argentaffin cell (gastrin and secretin)
45
Parietal cell
Secretes HCl Intrinsic factor in human (deficiency--> anemia) Supports B12 absorption
46
What are the protective mechanisms for the stomach?
1. Alkaline mucous surface coat 2. Alkaline intestinal fluid 3. Fully developed junctional complexes 4. Regeneration of epith. 5. Vomiting reflex 6. Immunological defense
47
Fundic glands
Predominant gastric glands Has a isthmus, neck and base Has all cells
48
Stem cells of the fundic gland
Found in isthmus and neck regions Continuously divide Replace aging cells of the gastric epith.
49
Parietal cells of the fundic gland
Large, eosinophilic, triangular, upper half of fundic gland Many mitochondria and intracellular canaliculi Secrete HCL
50
What stimulates HCL production
Gastrin and parasympathetic stimulation
51
Chief cells
Lower half of fundic gland Basophilic cytoplasm and zymogen granules Secretes pepsinogen
52
Argentaffin (enteroendocrine) cells
Diffuse endocrine cells (APUD) Bases of gastric glands Secretes gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin
53
Cardiac glands
Localized in a narrow zone around and near the esophageal opening into the stomach Mostly mucous cell types, some parietal Occupy half in pig
54
What is the function of cardiac glands?
Mucus production that protects the esophageal lining from gastric HCL
55
Pyloric glands
Almost half of the stomach in dog and cat Only mucus cells Deeper gastric pits Branched and coiled glands
56
What is the function of the pyloric glands?
Produce mucus
57
Rumen
Cutaneous mucosa forming finger-like conical papillae Function is to ferment food by microorgs
58
Reticulum
Cutaneous mucosa, honeycomb structure Function is to break down food
59
Omasum
Cutaneous mucosa and submucosa form primary and secondary folds Function is to breakdown food

2. Microanatomy (16 decks)

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