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2. Microanatomy > Lymphoid system (Goyal) > Flashcards

Lymphoid system (Goyal) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of the lymphoid system?

A
  1. Lymphoid (lymphocytes + antigen presenting cells)
  2. Diffuse lymphoid tissue (aggregation of lymphoid cells in CT)
  3. Solitary lymph nodules (mucosa of digestive or resp. organs)
  4. Aggregation of lymph nodules (Peyer’s patch)
  5. Discrete lymphoid organs (LN, hemal nodes, tonsils, thymus, spleen)
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2
Q

What are the cells of the immune system?

A

B and T cells
Plasma cells
T helper cells (CD4+)
T cytotoxic cells (CD8+)
T suppressor cells (CD8+)
Natural Killer cells (nonspecific cytotoxicity)

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3
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

Dendritic cell in LN
Langerhans in skin
Macrophages
B lymphocytes

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4
Q

What do all antigen presenting cells possess?

A

MHC class II molecules on their surface and exogenous antigens to T helper cells

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5
Q

IgA

A

Binds to epithelium covering or lining organs of the body

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6
Q

IgD

A

Binds to plasma membrane of B cells

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7
Q

IgE

A

Binds to plasma membrane of mast cells and basophils

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8
Q

IgG

A

80% of total serum Ig

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9
Q

IgM

A

First antibody produced in a primary immune response and in the neonate
Present in serum and on plasma membrane of B cells

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10
Q

_________ are the only leukocytes that recirculate between blood and CT

A

Lymphocytes

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11
Q

What is the role of Peyer’s patches in ruminants?

A

A source of B cell differentiation (in addition to the bone marrow)

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12
Q

Tonsils

A

Lymph nodule aggregation in CT under epithelium
3: lingual, palatine, pharyngeal

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13
Q

What are lingual and palatine tonsils covered by?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

What are pharyngeal tonsils covered by?

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

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15
Q

T/F: Epithelial surface of palatine Tonsils of dogs and cats of may be smooth

A

TRUE

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16
Q

Which epithelial surface of tonsils have deep invaginations?

A

Lingual tonsils in horses
Palatine tonsils in horses and small ruminants

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17
Q

What do tonsils lack?

A

Afferent lymph vessels, so they can’t filter lymph but contain efferent lymph vessels

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18
Q

What do epithelial invaginations of a the palatine tonsil of a horse lead to?

A

Formation of a tonsillar crypt, which is the site for accumulation of food and organisms, then leading to tonsilitis

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19
Q

What are the structures of lymph nodes?

A

Stroma, outer cortex, inner cortex (paracortex) , circulating lymphocytes, medulla , sinusoids

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20
Q

Outer cortex

A

Lymph nodules
Germinal center
B lymphocytes mainly
Activation in response to foreign antigens

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21
Q

Stroma

A

Capsule (Dense CT, afferent lymph vessels enter)
Trabeculae
Reticular fibers

22
Q

Inner cortex (paracortex)

A

Contains mainly T lymphocytes
Site where circulating lymphocytes gain access to LN via post- capillary venules (high endothelial- simple cuboidal)

23
Q

Medulla

A

Medullary cords: composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages

24
Q

Sinusoids

A

Sub-capsular, trabecular or cortical and medullary
Surround medullary cords

25
Q

What is the flow to lymph in LN?

A

Afferent lymph vessel –>
Sub-capsular sinusoids –>
Trabecular sinusoid –>
Medullary sinusoids –>
Efferent lymph vessel

26
Q

What is the function of LN?

A

Filtration of lymph
Phagocytosis of foreign particles
Mounting an immune response
Retention of tumor cells

27
Q

Porcine LN

A

Centrally located
Medullary cords absent
Lymph vessels exit @ periphery
Afferent vessels enter @ capsule and penetrate via the trabeculae to the nodules

28
Q

Hemal Nodes

A

Present in ruminants
Lack lymph vessels and receive cells from blood

29
Q

Diapedesis

A

Junction between cuboidal cells are loose
This enables lymphocytes to leave the blood and enter the LN

30
Q

Thymus

A

Epithelio-lymphoid organs made of lobes and lobules (divided into cortex and medulla)

31
Q

Thymus cortex

A

Aggregation of lymphocytes
Blood-thymus barrier in cortex enables T cell differentiation in the absence of external antigens

32
Q

Thymus medulla

A

Compared to cortex, has fewer lymphocytes and more epithelial-reticular cells (with age degenerate and form Hassall’s corpuscles)

33
Q

Thymus function

A

Priming of T cells tha migrate to rest of the body
Contains efferent lymph vessels

34
Q

How is the thymus effected with age?

A

Atrophies with age, but small amount of tissue persists througout life

35
Q

Effects of thymectomy @ neonatal age

A

Reduced # of lymphocytes
Atrophy of all lymphoid organs
No delayed hypersensitivity or graft rejection
Animals eventually become weak, lose weight and dies

36
Q

What are the different parts of the spleen?

A

Capsule, Trabeculae, Red pulp, White pulp

37
Q

Spleen trabeculae

A

Contains blood vessels. nerves, fibers and smooth muscle cells (especially developed in the horse)

38
Q

Red pulp

A

Contains sinusoids and cords
Cords: between sinusoids and have RBCs. macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and other leukocytes

39
Q

Sinusoids in the spleen

A

Wide capillaries lined by endothelial cells with spaces between cells
Discontinuous BL

40
Q

White pulp

A

Periateriolar lymphaic sheath (T cells surrounding central arteriole) and lymphaic nodules (B cells)

41
Q

Lymph nodules of white pulp?

A

Germinal center: B cell proliferation
Mantle zone: B cell aggregation
Marginal zone: B and T cells, macrophages

42
Q

Marginal zone of the spleen

A

Between white and red pulp
First site in the spleen where blood antigens get an access to immunocompetent cells

43
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

Filter blood
B and T cell proliferation
Phagocytosis of old RBC
Storage of blood and release
Prenatal hematopoiesis

44
Q

What are the 3 types of spleen?

A

Defense, storage and intermediate

45
Q

Defense spleen

A

Lymphatic tissue
Man, rabbits and hares

46
Q

Storage spleen

A

Red tissue
Horses, dogs and cats

47
Q

Intermediate spleen

A

Ruminants and swine

48
Q

What gives capillaries to the white pulp?

A

Splenic, trabecular and central (arteriole) artery

49
Q

Penicillus

A

Brush-like
Enters the red pulp as arteriole of the red pulp and continues as sheathed arterioles
Surrounded my macrophages
Pigs and cats

50
Q

Closed circulation

A

Sheathed capillaries that open into sinusoids of the red pulp

51
Q

Open cirucaltion

A

Sheathed capillaries that open into cords of the red pulp

52
Q

Bursa Fabricus in cloaca of birds

A

An aggregation of lymph nodules under the cloacal epithelium
Site for B cell differentiation
Simple columnar and pseudostraitifed columnar

2. Microanatomy (16 decks)

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