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2. Microanatomy > Cardiovascular (embyrology) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular (embyrology) Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the entire blood vascular system develop from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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2
Q

Prenatal Hematopoiesis

A

Yolk sac and allantois splanchnic mesoderm: 4-5 wks
Liver: 6 wks to mid gestation
Spleen and thymus: 8-16 weeks
Bone marrow: 16 weeks to beyond

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3
Q

Which organs takes over the function of bone marrow when it’s damaged?

A

Liver and spleen

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4
Q

How many BVs are in the umbilical cord?

A

3: 2 umbilical arteries and 1 umbilical vein
arteries becoming lateral ligaments of the bladder

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5
Q

What do the vitelline veins and arteries connect?

A

Early heart with the yolk sac

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6
Q

What does the umbilical veins and arteries connect?

A

Early heart with the allantois and placenta

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7
Q

What do the cardinal veins (cranial, caudal and common) connect?

A

Heart with the body parts

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8
Q

Early blood flow

A

Vitelline or umbilical vein –> sinus venosus –> atrium –> ventricle –> truncus arteriosis –> aortic arches –> dorsal aorta –> vitelline artery (yolk sac) or umbilical artery (allantois)

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9
Q

Where does the heart develop?

A

Cranial to the developing embryo

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10
Q

How does the heart migrate?

A

Embryo folding migrates heart from cranial to the embryo to the pharyngeal area

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11
Q

Where does the yolk sac and allantois orginate?

A

YS: mid gut
A: outpocketing from the hind gut

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12
Q

Stages in Heart Development

A

D18: blood islands and myoblasts cr. to the neural plate
D 20-35: Fusion, division and folding of endocardial tubes and an anticlockwise turn brings atria dorsal to ventricles
Pericardial cavity (intraemryonic coelom) cr. to embryo

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13
Q

___________ gives rise to the pulmonary artery and aorta

A

Truncus arteriosus

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14
Q

What does the right sinus venosus form?

A

Overdevelops and forms smooth part of the right atrium

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15
Q

What does the left sinus venosus form?

A

Atrophies and forms coronary sinus and oblique vein of left atrium (left to right shift in circulation)

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16
Q

Endocardial cushion

A

Divides Av canal into right and left AV canals

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17
Q

Interartrial septa 1 & 2

A

Divides atria into right and left atrium
1: valve for the foramen ovale
2: foramen ovale opens in 2 and allows blood to move from right to left atrium

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18
Q

Interventricular septa

A

Divides ventricles into right and left
Foramen filled by membranous tissue from endocardial cushion and base of truncus arteriosus

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19
Q

What does partitioning of the truncus arteriosus involve?

A

Formation of spiral septum that divides the TA into:
1. Aorta that connects with l. ventricle
2. Pulmonary artery that connects with the r. ventricle

20
Q

What does the failure of spiral formation (TA) do?

A

Reverses arrangement so the aorta is connected to the r. side and pulmonary a. is connected to the l.

21
Q

Ectopic Cords

A

Heart located in the neck region (cattle)

22
Q

Spiral Septal Defect

A

Small opening between the pulmonary trunk and aorta
Venous blood has direct access to aorta before going to lungs
Like patent ductus arteriosus

23
Q

Interventricular Septal Defect

A

An opening in the membranous part of the interventricular septum (most frequent)
Caused by abnormal closure of the interventricular foramen

24
Q

Dextrocardia

A

Mirror image heart that occurs as an isolated defect or with a complete inversus

25
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Causes cyanosis in domestic animals and human
From failure of migration of neural crest cells in distal part of TA
Craniofacial abnormalities

26
Q

What are the 4 lesions of Tetralogy of Fallot

A
  1. Interventricular septal defect
  2. Pulmonary stenosis
  3. Dextro-aorta
  4. Hypertrophy of r. ventricle (consequence of first 3 defects)
    first 3 from abnormal partitioning of TA by spiral septum
27
Q

Aortic arches

A

1-6 pairs
Connecting ventral aortrae with dorsal aortrae that fuse caudally

28
Q

Which arches degenerate?

A

1, 2, 5

29
Q

Arch 3

A

Becomes internal carotid
Dorsal aorta between 3 & 4 degenerate freeing intl carotid

30
Q

Arch 4

A

On l. side becomes arch of aorta
R. side becomes root of subclavian

31
Q

Arch 6

A

Left: proximal part is pulmonary artery and distal part is ductus arteriosus
Right: proximal part is pulmonary artery and distal part degenerates

32
Q

What makes up the right subclavian?

A

Right 4th arch
Right dorsal aorta up to 7th intersegmental
7th intersegmental

33
Q

What makes up the left subclavian?

A

7 intersegmental exclusively

34
Q

Vertebral both sides

A

1-6 cervical intersegmental fuse proximally and degenerate distally
Remains connected to 7th intersegmental (becomes subcalvian)

35
Q

Where does the right subclavian move?

A

Upward joining the root of common carotid (area will become the brachiocephalic trunk)

36
Q

How is the subclavian in the dog and pig?

A

Right subclavian originates from brachiocephalic trunk
Left subclavian from arch of aorta

37
Q

How is the subclavian in the horse and ox?

A

Both subclavians originate from the brachiocephalic trunk

38
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerves

A

Left: hooks around ducuts arteriosus, atrophies and become ligamentum arteriosus
Right: hooks around right subclavian

39
Q

Vascular ring anomaly

A

Abnormal origin of the right subclavian artery (originating from arch of aorta)
Proximal part of dorsal aorta degenerates

40
Q

Symptoms of vascular ring anomaly

A

Esophagus dilation proximal to the site of crossing
Difficulty swallowing solid food leading to regurgitation

41
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Changes to fossa ovalis
Increased pressure in l. atrium @ birth causes fusions of septum 1 & 2

42
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Atrophies and becomes ligamentum arteriosus due to increased blood oxygen, bradykinin secretion and decreased prostagladin secretion

43
Q

Anomalies dealing with fetal adaptations

A

Interatrial septal defect
Persistent ductus arteriosus
Persistent ductus venosus leading to portosystemic shunt

44
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

DA fails to close @ birth
Blood shunts from aorta to pulmonary artery
Signs: continuous murmur

45
Q

Portosystemic Shunt

A

Portal vein blood bypasses liver
Blood not detoxified leading to nervous signs and brain injury

2. Microanatomy (16 decks)

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