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2. Microanatomy > Integument (skin) > Flashcards

Integument (skin) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection against external agents, UV rays, and water loss
Regulates temp. And ion-water balance
Calcium homeostasis
Sensory application
Fat storage

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2
Q

What does the clinical examination of the skin reveal?

A

Ecto-parasites and internal disease processes resulting from endocrine and nutritional disorders

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3
Q

What we the two parts of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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4
Q

Epidermis

A

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
4-5 different layers

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5
Q

What are the 2 dermis layers?

A

2 layers: papillary and reticular

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6
Q

Hypodermis

A

Not apart of the skin
Superficial fascia (site for Sub-Q injections)
Sweat glands present
Loose CT filled with fat

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7
Q

What are the layers of thick skin?

A
  1. Basale (germinativum)
  2. Spinosum
  3. Granulosum
  4. Lucidum (absent in thin skin)
  5. Corneum
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8
Q

Spinosum Layer

A

Mitotic cells (also in basale)
Tonofilaments (thick keratin bundles)
Spiny appearance

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9
Q

Granulosum Layer

A

Non-membrane bound, basophilic, keratohylain granules
Membrane-bound lamellar granules, with phospholipids

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10
Q

Keratinocyte

A

Most abundant and contains melanin
Synthesize soft keratin, protect from invading organisms and dehydration

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11
Q

Melanocyte function

A

Synthesize melanin and protect from UV light

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12
Q

Melanocyte

A

10%, in malpighian layer and hair follicles
Originates from the neural crest cell
Doesn’t divide

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13
Q

Why can melanocytes synthesize melanin?

A

Because they contain tyrosinase enzyme that convert tyrosine to amino acid

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14
Q

How do melanocytes differ among people?

A

Their ability to synthesize melanin and transfer melanin into keratinocytes (not the #)

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15
Q

_______ are a malignant growth of melanocytes

A

Melanoma

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16
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Macrophages (antigen presenting cells) that protect from organisms
Originates from monocytes

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17
Q

Merkel’s cells

A

Sensory mechanoreceptors
In thick skin
Innervated by sensory nerves

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18
Q

How do you distinguish melanocytes from keratinocytes?

A

Dihydroxyphenylalanine reaction (DOPA)
M: DOPA +
K: DOPA -

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19
Q

Cytocrine

A

Mode of secretion where melanocyte injecting melanin into the adjoining keratinocytes (cytoplasm to cytoplasm)

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20
Q

Melanogenesis

A
  1. Tyrosinase is synthesized in the RER and accumulated in vesicles of the Gogli complex
  2. Synthesis begins in melanosomes (free vesicles)
  3. Melanin granules migrate to the tips of the melanocyte’s processes, then transferred to keratinocytes
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21
Q

Thin skin characteristics

A

Basal layer: one layer of cells
Spinosum: 2-3 layers of cells
Granulosum: one layer
Lucidum: absent
Corneum: few layers of keratinized, dead cells
Hair, sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands present

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22
Q

Thick skin characteristics

A

Basal layer: one layer of cells
Spinosum: many
Granulosum: 3-4
Lucidum: present
Corneum many layers of keratinized cell
Hair, and sebaceous glands absent, merocrine sweat glands present

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23
Q

Papillary layer

A

Loose irregular CT
More vascular and cellular than reticular layer
Major part of the dermal papilla

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24
Q

Reticular layer

A

Dense irregular CT
Type 1 collagen and elastic fibers
Smooth muscle ( are your pilorum)
Nerve fibers and receptors

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25
Q

Deep of subcutaneous plexus blood supply

A

In hypodermis
Formed by large vessels
Dermis-hypodermis junction

26
Q

Middle of cutaneous plexus blood supply

A

Hairs and glands of the dermis

27
Q

Superficial subpapillary plexus

A

Supplies papillary layer and epidermis

28
Q

Superficial arterio-venous anastomoses

A

Thermoregulatory structures
In papillary layer of pig and man, absent in other domestic species

29
Q

Sebaceous skin glands

A

All over body (except foot pad)
Hair follicles (except lip, penis and vulva)
Holocrine

30
Q

What kind of secretion do sebaceous glands release?

A

Sebum, that lubricates the hair shaft, protects skin from drying, diminishes water loss and contains Vit. D

31
Q

Examples of sebaceous glands

A

Infraorbital, inguinal and interdigital regions of sheep
Base of horns in goats
Anal sacs of cats
Prepuce and circumanal region of dogs

32
Q

What modes of secretion is used for sweat?

A

Merocrine and apocrine

33
Q

Species variation for sweat glands

A

Absent in rats and birds
Poorly developed in dogs and pigs

34
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Abundant in most domestic species
Profuse secretion in horses
Least active in goats and cats

35
Q

Apocrine gland function

A

Produce viscous secretion that serves as a sex attractant in some species
Regulate temperature (horse and cattle)

36
Q

Where are merocrine glands present?

A

Present in foot pads of dogs and cats
Frog of horse hooves
Planum nostral and carpal glands of pigs
Planum nasolabial of cattle

37
Q

How is sweating controlled in domestic species?

A

Smypathetic cholinergic nerve fibers

38
Q

How is sweating controlled in horses?

A

Sympathetic adrenergic fibers

39
Q

What is the secretory portion of merocrine sweat glands?

A

Simple columnar epithelium underlain by myoepithelial cells
Large lumen
Apical protrusions

40
Q

What is the duct portion of the merocrine sweat glands made of?

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

41
Q

How are the hair beds in the pig, dog and cat?

A

2-4 clusters of hair follicles
1 principal (guard) hair
3-9 auxiliary (wool) surrounding hairs

42
Q

What does a complete hair consist of?

A

Hair shaft
Hair follicle
Root
Bulb
Papilla

43
Q

Hair shaft

A

Free threadlike part above the skin
Consists of: medulla (soft keratin), cortex(hard keratin), cuticle

44
Q

Root

A

Portion of the hair beneath the skin

45
Q

Hair follicle

A

Sheath covering the root
Consists of CT sheath, glassy membrane, external root sheath, internal root sheath

46
Q

Inner root sheath

A

Contain pink trichohyalin granules
Ends at the level of sebaceous glands

47
Q

External root sheath

A

Extension of the stratum basal layer of the epidermis
Covers surface of hair bulb
Gives rise to all parts of the hair

48
Q

Hair bulb

A

Extended part of the hair follicle where hair is rooted

49
Q

What is the hair bulb indented by?

A

Dermal papilla which contains blood vessels

50
Q

Arrector Pili

A

Bundle of smooth muscle attached at an angle to the CT sheath of the hair follicle

51
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation of arrector pili cause?

A

Elevation of hair
Important in thermoregulation

52
Q

What separates the dermis and the epidermis?

A

Basement membrane

53
Q

What is the most common types of hair?

A

Cover hair

54
Q

Wool hair

A

Fine, wooly undercoat”
Sheep or goat

55
Q

Tactile (sinsus) hair

A

Whiskers in carnivores
Blood sinus present in CT sheath of hair follicle
Sensory innervation (tactile)

56
Q

Hair cycle

A

Hair production is cyclic (seasonal)
Controlled by light and temp.
Germinal area of follicle quiescent or mitotic

57
Q

What are the hair cycle stages?

A

Anagen (active growth)
Catagen (involution)
Telogen (resting)

58
Q

How is hair color created?

A

By melanocytes present in the germinal matrix covering the dermal papilla

59
Q

Keratohyaline

A

Soft keratin
High lipid content
Low sulfur content
Cells desquamate

60
Q

Trichohylaine

A

Hard keratin
Hair, horn, feathers
Low lipid content
No desquamation

2. Microanatomy (16 decks)

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