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2. Microanatomy > Integument (skin) > Flashcards

Integument (skin) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection against external agents, UV rays, and water loss
Regulates temp. And ion-water balance
Calcium homeostasis
Sensory application
Fat storage

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2
Q

What does the clinical examination of the skin reveal?

A

Ecto-parasites and internal disease processes resulting from endocrine and nutritional disorders

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3
Q

What we the two parts of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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4
Q

Epidermis

A

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
4-5 different layers

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5
Q

What are the 2 dermis layers?

A

2 layers: papillary and reticular

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6
Q

Hypodermis

A

Not apart of the skin
Superficial fascia (site for Sub-Q injections)
Sweat glands present
Loose CT filled with fat

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7
Q

What are the layers of thick skin?

A
  1. Basale (germinativum)
  2. Spinosum
  3. Granulosum
  4. Lucidum (absent in thin skin)
  5. Corneum
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8
Q

Spinosum Layer

A

Mitotic cells (also in basale)
Tonofilaments (thick keratin bundles)
Spiny appearance

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9
Q

Granulosum Layer

A

Non-membrane bound, basophilic, keratohylain granules
Membrane-bound lamellar granules, with phospholipids

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10
Q

Keratinocyte

A

Most abundant and contains melanin
Synthesize soft keratin, protect from invading organisms and dehydration

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11
Q

Melanocyte function

A

Synthesize melanin and protect from UV light

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12
Q

Melanocyte

A

10%, in malpighian layer and hair follicles
Originates from the neural crest cell
Doesn’t divide

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13
Q

Why can melanocytes synthesize melanin?

A

Because they contain tyrosinase enzyme that convert tyrosine to amino acid

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14
Q

How do melanocytes differ among people?

A

Their ability to synthesize melanin and transfer melanin into keratinocytes (not the #)

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15
Q

_______ are a malignant growth of melanocytes

A

Melanoma

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16
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Macrophages (antigen presenting cells) that protect from organisms
Originates from monocytes

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17
Q

Merkel’s cells

A

Sensory mechanoreceptors
In thick skin
Innervated by sensory nerves

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18
Q

How do you distinguish melanocytes from keratinocytes?

A

Dihydroxyphenylalanine reaction (DOPA)
M: DOPA +
K: DOPA -

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19
Q

Cytocrine

A

Mode of secretion where melanocyte injecting melanin into the adjoining keratinocytes (cytoplasm to cytoplasm)

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20
Q

Melanogenesis

A
  1. Tyrosinase is synthesized in the RER and accumulated in vesicles of the Gogli complex
  2. Synthesis begins in melanosomes (free vesicles)
  3. Melanin granules migrate to the tips of the melanocyte’s processes, then transferred to keratinocytes
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21
Q

Thin skin characteristics

A

Basal layer: one layer of cells
Spinosum: 2-3 layers of cells
Granulosum: one layer
Lucidum: absent
Corneum: few layers of keratinized, dead cells
Hair, sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands present

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22
Q

Thick skin characteristics

A

Basal layer: one layer of cells
Spinosum: many
Granulosum: 3-4
Lucidum: present
Corneum many layers of keratinized cell
Hair, and sebaceous glands absent, merocrine sweat glands present

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23
Q

Papillary layer

A

Loose irregular CT
More vascular and cellular than reticular layer
Major part of the dermal papilla

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24
Q

Reticular layer

A

Dense irregular CT
Type 1 collagen and elastic fibers
Smooth muscle ( are your pilorum)
Nerve fibers and receptors

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25
Deep of subcutaneous plexus blood supply
In hypodermis Formed by large vessels Dermis-hypodermis junction
26
Middle of cutaneous plexus blood supply
Hairs and glands of the dermis
27
Superficial subpapillary plexus
Supplies papillary layer and epidermis
28
Superficial arterio-venous anastomoses
Thermoregulatory structures In papillary layer of pig and man, absent in other domestic species
29
Sebaceous skin glands
All over body (except foot pad) Hair follicles (except lip, penis and vulva) Holocrine
30
What kind of secretion do sebaceous glands release?
Sebum, that lubricates the hair shaft, protects skin from drying, diminishes water loss and contains Vit. D
31
Examples of sebaceous glands
Infraorbital, inguinal and interdigital regions of sheep Base of horns in goats Anal sacs of cats Prepuce and circumanal region of dogs
32
What modes of secretion is used for sweat?
Merocrine and apocrine
33
Species variation for sweat glands
Absent in rats and birds Poorly developed in dogs and pigs
34
Apocrine glands
Abundant in most domestic species Profuse secretion in horses Least active in goats and cats
35
Apocrine gland function
Produce viscous secretion that serves as a sex attractant in some species Regulate temperature (horse and cattle)
36
Where are merocrine glands present?
Present in foot pads of dogs and cats Frog of horse hooves Planum nostral and carpal glands of pigs Planum nasolabial of cattle
37
How is sweating controlled in domestic species?
Smypathetic cholinergic nerve fibers
38
How is sweating controlled in horses?
Sympathetic adrenergic fibers
39
What is the secretory portion of merocrine sweat glands?
Simple columnar epithelium underlain by myoepithelial cells Large lumen Apical protrusions
40
What is the duct portion of the merocrine sweat glands made of?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
41
How are the hair beds in the pig, dog and cat?
2-4 clusters of hair follicles 1 principal (guard) hair 3-9 auxiliary (wool) surrounding hairs
42
What does a complete hair consist of?
Hair shaft Hair follicle Root Bulb Papilla
43
Hair shaft
Free threadlike part above the skin Consists of: medulla (soft keratin), cortex(hard keratin), cuticle
44
Root
Portion of the hair beneath the skin
45
Hair follicle
Sheath covering the root Consists of CT sheath, glassy membrane, external root sheath, internal root sheath
46
Inner root sheath
Contain pink trichohyalin granules Ends at the level of sebaceous glands
47
External root sheath
Extension of the stratum basal layer of the epidermis Covers surface of hair bulb Gives rise to all parts of the hair
48
Hair bulb
Extended part of the hair follicle where hair is rooted
49
What is the hair bulb indented by?
Dermal papilla which contains blood vessels
50
Arrector Pili
Bundle of smooth muscle attached at an angle to the CT sheath of the hair follicle
51
What does sympathetic stimulation of arrector pili cause?
Elevation of hair Important in thermoregulation
52
What separates the dermis and the epidermis?
Basement membrane
53
What is the most common types of hair?
Cover hair
54
Wool hair
Fine, wooly undercoat" Sheep or goat
55
Tactile (sinsus) hair
Whiskers in carnivores Blood sinus present in CT sheath of hair follicle Sensory innervation (tactile)
56
Hair cycle
Hair production is cyclic (seasonal) Controlled by light and temp. Germinal area of follicle quiescent or mitotic
57
What are the hair cycle stages?
Anagen (active growth) Catagen (involution) Telogen (resting)
58
How is hair color created?
By melanocytes present in the germinal matrix covering the dermal papilla
59
Keratohyaline
Soft keratin High lipid content Low sulfur content Cells desquamate
60
Trichohylaine
Hard keratin Hair, horn, feathers Low lipid content No desquamation

2. Microanatomy (16 decks)

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