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2. Microanatomy > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the female reproductive organs?

A

Ovaries
Uterine tubes (infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus)
Uterus
Vagina

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2
Q

Ovaries

A

Produces ova and hormones like estrogen and progesterone

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3
Q

Ampulla

A

Site of fertilization

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4
Q

Uterus

A

Site of implantation and embryo development

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5
Q

Vagina

A

Site of copulation

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6
Q

Ovary structure

A

Covered by germinal epithelium
Under epithelial is tunica albuginea (dense CT)
Parenchyma divided into cortex and medulla (BVs)

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7
Q

Ovary cortex

A

Contains follicles (primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary) and corpus luteum

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8
Q

Cow cortex and medulla

A

Cortex in periphery and covered by germinal epithelium
Medulla in center
Ovulation can occur at any point on cortex surface

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9
Q

Mare cortex and medulla

A

Cortex in center
Medulla in periphery
Has ovulation fossa located ventrally covered by germinal epithelium
Ovulation can occur only at the ovulation fossa

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10
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  1. Spermatogonia remain dormant until puberty, divide at regular interval until death
  2. One spermatogonium gives rise to 64 sperm in each cycle of Spermatogenesis
  3. Meiosis 1 and 2 completed before sperm release
  4. Spermatids undergo metamorphosis
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11
Q

Oogenesis

A
  1. Oogonia completed mitosis (proliferation) in embryo and entered meiosis 1
  2. Meiosis 1 is completed
  3. Meiosis 2 is completed after sperm penetration
  4. Ootids don’t undergo metamorphosis, one oogonium gives rise to one ootid (ovum)
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12
Q

Where meiosis 1 arrested?

A

Diakinesis
This is why females have fixed number of germ cells and are oocyte-1 @ birth

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13
Q

When is meiosis 1 completed?

A

Before ovulation in ruminants and sow
After ovulation for mare and dog

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14
Q

Primordial follicle

A

Oocyte 1 surrounded by flat follicular cells
Roughly 10,000 @ puberty in cattle
Decrease with age

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15
Q

What is the origin of primordial follicle?

A

Germinal epithelium

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16
Q

Primary follicle structure

A

One or multiple layers of follicle cells
Growing follicle without antrum

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17
Q

Primary follicle

A

Activated primordial follicles
Flat follicular cells divide, enlarge and become cuboidal
Zona pellicuda formed and surrounds oocyte 1

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18
Q

Secondary follicle

A

Growing follicle with antrum
Follicle (granulosa) cells increase
Antrum formed with granulosa cell secretion

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19
Q

Granulosa cells

A

Surrounded by theca cells (CT cells) that are divided into theca interna (secretory) and theca externa

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20
Q

Tertiary (mature Graafian)

A

Large antrum surrounded by layers of granulosa cells
Oocyte 1 surrounded by corona radiata attached to granulosa cells by cumulus oophorus

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21
Q

Two-cell mechanism of estrogen secretion during _________ of ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase

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22
Q

Two-cell mechanism of estrogen

A
  1. Theca cells have LH receptors and secrete testosterone
  2. T diffuses into granulosa cells
  3. Granulosa cells have FSH receptors and synthesize aromatase enzyme
  4. Aromatase converts T into E that diffused into the antrum and general circulation
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23
Q

What does a surge in estrogen lead to?

A

LH surge (positive feedback) that leads to ovulation

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24
Q

Granulosa luteal cells

A

Large luteal cells
80-85% of all luteal cells
Under LH, secrete progesterone

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25
Q

Theca luteal cells

A

Small luteal cells
15-20% of luteal cells
Under LH, secrete progesterone

26
Q

Vacuoles

A

Dissolved lipid droplets in luteal cells
Used as precursors for progesterone synthesis

27
Q

Hypothalamus changes in follicular phase

A

Hypothalamus secrete GnRH that stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

28
Q

FSH changes in follicular phase

A

Stimulates follicle growth which secretes estrogen
Follicle also secretes inhibin

29
Q

Estrogen changes in follicular phase

A

Surge stimulates GnRH surge followed by LH surge (positive feedback) —> ovulation

30
Q

LH changes in luteal phase

A

Stimulates corpus luteum development which secretes progesterone

31
Q

Progesterone changes in luteal phase

A

Has a negative feedback on GnRH and prevents initiation of new cycle

32
Q

In the luteal phase, what happens when pregnancy doesn’t occur

A

Corpus luteum regresses
Progesterone level comes to baseline
New cycle begins

33
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

FSH —> folliculogenesis —> estrogen surge —> LH surge —> ovulation —> CL proliferation—> progesterone

34
Q

Luteotropic hormone for CL proliferation

A

LH: domestic animals, primates and human
Prolactin: rodent (some dog and sheep)

35
Q

Luteolytic hormone for CL degeneration

A

Prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2a)

36
Q

How is PGF2a used?

A

Used to treat anestrus caused by retention of CL in cattle and mare
To synchronize estrus in cattle
To end pregnancy
Treat pyometra in dogs and cats

37
Q

Ovulators

A

Spontaneous: cattle, sheep, goat, horse, pig, dog
Induced: cat, rabbit, ferret, camel, llama, alpaca

38
Q

Follicular atresia

A

Degeneration of follicles
Can occur at any stage of folliculogenesis
90% go through

39
Q

How do growing cellls undergo atresia

A
  1. Collapse of antrum
  2. Loss of granulosa cells
  3. Thickening of BM
  4. Degeneration of Oocyte
  5. Infiltration of macrophages
40
Q

Infundibulum

A

Complex and longest mucosal folds
Decrease in height and T. Muscularis gets thickest along length

41
Q

Infundibulum epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar with ciliated, non ciliated, basal cells

42
Q

Uterus layers

A

Endometrium: simple columnar epith and glands
Myometrium: 2 muscle layers with BVs between
Perimetrium: simple squamous covering CT

43
Q

What are the stages of the estrous cycle?

A

Anestrus
Proestrus/estrus
Metestrus/ diestrus
Pregnant

44
Q

Anestrus

A

Few, straight glands
Non secretory
Estrogen levels low

45
Q

Proestrus/estrus

A

Glands hypertrophied (estrogen effect)
Non-secretory, follicular phase
Day 19-20

46
Q

Metestrus/ Diestrus

A

Glands further hypertrophy
Tortuous
Secretory (progesterone effect, luteal phase)
1-13 (day 0, estrus) late die- 14-16

47
Q

Pregnant

A

Tortuous glands filled with secretion

48
Q

Caruncles

A

Sites of gases and nutrient exchange between maternal and fetal placenta (cotyledons)
Devoid of endometrial glands

49
Q

Cervix

A

Lined by simple squamous which forms folds
Mucus secretion (thin and jelly like during pro-, estrus! And near parturition)

50
Q

When does the cervix open?

A

During estrus, parturition or diseases affecting uterus
remaining closed

51
Q

Vagina epithelium

A

Stratified squamous keratinized

52
Q

Smooth muscle cells of the vagina

A

Have oxytocin receptors and contract at the time of copulation and help in transferring sperm fork, the vagina to uterus

53
Q

Cyclic changes in vagina

A

Proestrus: RBCs and uncleared epithelial cells
Estrus: keratinized (non nucleated)
Diestrus: leukocytes (neutrophils and lymphocytes)

54
Q

When does uterine hemorrhage occur?

A

During Proestrus in dogs and Metestrus in cattle (metrrhagia)

55
Q

Which animals show heat regularly throughout the year?

A

Cow and sow

56
Q

Which animals are long-day breeder?

A

Mare
Show heat regularly from Jan to April

57
Q

Which animals are shorter-day breeders

A

Ewe and goat
From august to December

58
Q

Diestrus in dogs

A

Show heat once each during spring and autumn
cats polyestrus

59
Q

Estrogen changes along length of Hypothalamus- pituitary-ovary-uterus axis

A

Low in concentration (has neg feed-back on GnRH)
Surge near ovulation has positive feedback leading to GnRH surge followed by LH surge followed by ovulation

60
Q

Progesterone changes along length of Hypothalamus- pituitary-ovary-uterus axis

A

During luteal phase has a negative feedback on GnRH

61
Q

What happens if pregnancy doesn’t occur along length of Hypothalamus- pituitary-ovary-uterus axis

A

PGF2a from uterus is locally transferred to ovary and causes demise of CL, leading to the start of a new cycle

62
Q

Where does uterine vein-ovarian artery transfer occur?

A

In sheep, goat, cow and sow

2. Microanatomy (16 decks)

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