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2. Microanatomy > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the female reproductive organs?

A

Ovaries
Uterine tubes (infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus)
Uterus
Vagina

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2
Q

Ovaries

A

Produces ova and hormones like estrogen and progesterone

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3
Q

Ampulla

A

Site of fertilization

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4
Q

Uterus

A

Site of implantation and embryo development

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5
Q

Vagina

A

Site of copulation

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6
Q

Ovary structure

A

Covered by germinal epithelium
Under epithelial is tunica albuginea (dense CT)
Parenchyma divided into cortex and medulla (BVs)

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7
Q

Ovary cortex

A

Contains follicles (primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary) and corpus luteum

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8
Q

Cow cortex and medulla

A

Cortex in periphery and covered by germinal epithelium
Medulla in center
Ovulation can occur at any point on cortex surface

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9
Q

Mare cortex and medulla

A

Cortex in center
Medulla in periphery
Has ovulation fossa located ventrally covered by germinal epithelium
Ovulation can occur only at the ovulation fossa

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10
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  1. Spermatogonia remain dormant until puberty, divide at regular interval until death
  2. One spermatogonium gives rise to 64 sperm in each cycle of Spermatogenesis
  3. Meiosis 1 and 2 completed before sperm release
  4. Spermatids undergo metamorphosis
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11
Q

Oogenesis

A
  1. Oogonia completed mitosis (proliferation) in embryo and entered meiosis 1
  2. Meiosis 1 is completed
  3. Meiosis 2 is completed after sperm penetration
  4. Ootids don’t undergo metamorphosis, one oogonium gives rise to one ootid (ovum)
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12
Q

Where meiosis 1 arrested?

A

Diakinesis
This is why females have fixed number of germ cells and are oocyte-1 @ birth

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13
Q

When is meiosis 1 completed?

A

Before ovulation in ruminants and sow
After ovulation for mare and dog

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14
Q

Primordial follicle

A

Oocyte 1 surrounded by flat follicular cells
Roughly 10,000 @ puberty in cattle
Decrease with age

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15
Q

What is the origin of primordial follicle?

A

Germinal epithelium

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16
Q

Primary follicle structure

A

One or multiple layers of follicle cells
Growing follicle without antrum

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17
Q

Primary follicle

A

Activated primordial follicles
Flat follicular cells divide, enlarge and become cuboidal
Zona pellicuda formed and surrounds oocyte 1

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18
Q

Secondary follicle

A

Growing follicle with antrum
Follicle (granulosa) cells increase
Antrum formed with granulosa cell secretion

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19
Q

Granulosa cells

A

Surrounded by theca cells (CT cells) that are divided into theca interna (secretory) and theca externa

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20
Q

Tertiary (mature Graafian)

A

Large antrum surrounded by layers of granulosa cells
Oocyte 1 surrounded by corona radiata attached to granulosa cells by cumulus oophorus

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21
Q

Two-cell mechanism of estrogen secretion during _________ of ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase

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22
Q

Two-cell mechanism of estrogen

A
  1. Theca cells have LH receptors and secrete testosterone
  2. T diffuses into granulosa cells
  3. Granulosa cells have FSH receptors and synthesize aromatase enzyme
  4. Aromatase converts T into E that diffused into the antrum and general circulation
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23
Q

What does a surge in estrogen lead to?

A

LH surge (positive feedback) that leads to ovulation

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24
Q

Granulosa luteal cells

A

Large luteal cells
80-85% of all luteal cells
Under LH, secrete progesterone

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25
Theca luteal cells
Small luteal cells 15-20% of luteal cells Under LH, secrete progesterone
26
Vacuoles
Dissolved lipid droplets in luteal cells Used as precursors for progesterone synthesis
27
Hypothalamus changes in follicular phase
Hypothalamus secrete GnRH that stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
28
FSH changes in follicular phase
Stimulates follicle growth which secretes estrogen Follicle also secretes inhibin
29
Estrogen changes in follicular phase
Surge stimulates GnRH surge followed by LH surge (positive feedback) —> ovulation
30
LH changes in luteal phase
Stimulates corpus luteum development which secretes progesterone
31
Progesterone changes in luteal phase
Has a negative feedback on GnRH and prevents initiation of new cycle
32
In the luteal phase, what happens when pregnancy doesn’t occur
Corpus luteum regresses Progesterone level comes to baseline New cycle begins
33
Ovarian cycle
FSH —> folliculogenesis —> estrogen surge —> LH surge —> ovulation —> CL proliferation—> progesterone
34
Luteotropic hormone for CL proliferation
LH: domestic animals, primates and human Prolactin: rodent (some dog and sheep)
35
Luteolytic hormone for CL degeneration
Prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2a)
36
How is PGF2a used?
Used to treat anestrus caused by retention of CL in cattle and mare To synchronize estrus in cattle To end pregnancy Treat pyometra in dogs and cats
37
Ovulators
Spontaneous: cattle, sheep, goat, horse, pig, dog Induced: cat, rabbit, ferret, camel, llama, alpaca
38
Follicular atresia
Degeneration of follicles Can occur at any stage of folliculogenesis 90% go through
39
How do growing cellls undergo atresia
1. Collapse of antrum 2. Loss of granulosa cells 3. Thickening of BM 4. Degeneration of Oocyte 5. Infiltration of macrophages
40
Infundibulum
Complex and longest mucosal folds Decrease in height and T. Muscularis gets thickest along length
41
Infundibulum epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar with ciliated, non ciliated, basal cells
42
Uterus layers
Endometrium: simple columnar epith and glands Myometrium: 2 muscle layers with BVs between Perimetrium: simple squamous covering CT
43
What are the stages of the estrous cycle?
Anestrus Proestrus/estrus Metestrus/ diestrus Pregnant
44
Anestrus
Few, straight glands Non secretory Estrogen levels low
45
Proestrus/estrus
Glands hypertrophied (estrogen effect) Non-secretory, follicular phase Day 19-20
46
Metestrus/ Diestrus
Glands further hypertrophy Tortuous Secretory (progesterone effect, luteal phase) 1-13 (day 0, estrus) late die- 14-16
47
Pregnant
Tortuous glands filled with secretion
48
Caruncles
Sites of gases and nutrient exchange between maternal and fetal placenta (cotyledons) Devoid of endometrial glands
49
Cervix
Lined by simple squamous which forms folds Mucus secretion (thin and jelly like during pro-, estrus! And near parturition)
50
When does the cervix open?
During estrus, parturition or diseases affecting uterus *remaining closed*
51
Vagina epithelium
Stratified squamous keratinized
52
Smooth muscle cells of the vagina
Have oxytocin receptors and contract at the time of copulation and help in transferring sperm fork, the vagina to uterus
53
Cyclic changes in vagina
Proestrus: RBCs and uncleared epithelial cells Estrus: keratinized (non nucleated) Diestrus: leukocytes (neutrophils and lymphocytes)
54
When does uterine hemorrhage occur?
During Proestrus in dogs and Metestrus in cattle (metrrhagia)
55
Which animals show heat regularly throughout the year?
Cow and sow
56
Which animals are long-day breeder?
Mare Show heat regularly from Jan to April
57
Which animals are shorter-day breeders
Ewe and goat From august to December
58
Diestrus in dogs
Show heat once each during spring and autumn *cats polyestrus*
59
Estrogen changes along length of Hypothalamus- pituitary-ovary-uterus axis
Low in concentration (has neg feed-back on GnRH) Surge near ovulation has positive feedback leading to GnRH surge followed by LH surge followed by ovulation
60
Progesterone changes along length of Hypothalamus- pituitary-ovary-uterus axis
During luteal phase has a negative feedback on GnRH
61
What happens if pregnancy doesn’t occur along length of Hypothalamus- pituitary-ovary-uterus axis
PGF2a from uterus is locally transferred to ovary and causes demise of CL, leading to the start of a new cycle
62
Where does uterine vein-ovarian artery transfer occur?
In sheep, goat, cow and sow

2. Microanatomy (16 decks)

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