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Systems Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Inhalation and exhalation are also referred to as what?

A

Inspiration and expiration

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2
Q

What makes up 80-90% of alveoli cells?

A

Type I cells

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3
Q

Which alveoli cells are the site of gas exchange?

A

Type I

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4
Q

Surfactant is made by what type of cells?

A

Type II alveoli cells

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5
Q

Surfactant is composed of what?

A

Phospholipids and protein

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6
Q

Why do premature babies experience respiratory distress?

A

Not enough surfactant

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7
Q

What stimulates surfactant productions?

A

Steroids

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8
Q

Palv refers to what?

A

Pressure in the lungs

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9
Q

What does Patm refer to?

A

Atmospheric pressure

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10
Q

Patm is set to what value by default?

A

0

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11
Q

What does Pip refer to?

A

Intrapleural pressure, suctions lungs to chest wall

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12
Q

Pip is positive or negative?

A

Negative

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13
Q

Ptp is the difference between what two pressures?

A

Palv-Pip

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14
Q

During which phase of the respiratory cycle is the diaphragm pushed down?

A

Inhalation

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15
Q

When is Pip the most negative?

A

Peak of inhalation

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16
Q

When is Ptp the highest?

A

Peak of inhalation

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17
Q

The diaphragm relaxes during which stage of the respiratory cycle?

A

Exhalation

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18
Q

The external intercostals are associated with inhalation or exhalation?

A

Inhalation

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19
Q

The internal intercostals are associated with forced exhalation or inhalation?

A

Forced exhalation

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20
Q

Which muscles are associated with passive exhalation?

A

Diaphragm

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21
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

Ability of lungs to return to normal after stretching

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22
Q

Change in volume/Change in Ptp refers to what?

A

Compliance

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23
Q

Low compliance in the lungs is associated with what?

A

Fibrosis

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24
Q

What is the level of lung compliance in emphysema?

A

High

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25
Q

How is fibrosis associated with pulmonary hypertension?

A

Fibrosis can compress the lung capillaries

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26
Q

Increased tidal volume occurs in fibrosis or empysema?

27
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Floppy lung, lung can inflate easily but doesn’t deflate easily

28
Q

What is the cause of emphysema?

A

Smoking, air pollution

29
Q

Self destructing alveola occurs in which pathology?

30
Q

Hypoxia refers to what?

A

Low oxygen - decreased area for gas exchange

31
Q

Hypoxia occurs in which pathology?

32
Q

What is a treatment for emphysema?

A

Bronchodilators, inhaled steroids

33
Q

What is tidal volume (TV)?

A

Regular volume (inhale, exhale) at rest

34
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

Extra lung volume for deep inhalation

35
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

Additional lung volume for deep exhalation

36
Q

What is RV (residual volume)?

A

Extra air in the lungs, always remains

37
Q

What is vital capacity (VC)?

A

ERV + IRV + TV

38
Q

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

39
Q

What is the difference between TLC and VC?

A

TLC is the whole lung capacity, whereas VC is the usable lung capacity

40
Q

What is FEV1/FVC ratio used for?

A

Ratio of lung functioning

41
Q

How do CO2 and O2 flow in the lungs?

A

O2 travels from alveoli to blood, CO2 travels from blood to the alveoli

42
Q

How do CO2 and O2 flow in tissues?

A

O2 flows from blood to tissue, CO2 flows from tissue to blood

43
Q

What is the arterial PO2?

44
Q

What is the PO2 in venous circulation?

45
Q

Hyperventilation is an increase or decrease in CO2 levels?

A

Decrease of CO2 compared to production

46
Q

Hypoventilation is an increase or decrease of CO2?

A

Increase of CO2 production, not exhaling enough out

47
Q

How does increased pH shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

to the right

48
Q

Increased temperature shifts the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve how?

A

to the right

49
Q

The pneumotaxic center and apneustic center are located in the pons or the medulla?

50
Q

The DRG and VRG are located in the pons or the medulla?

51
Q

What function does the DRG serves?

A

Fires to cause inhalation

52
Q

What function does the VRG serve?

A

Fires to cause exhalation

53
Q

Which intercostal muscle does the DRG innervate?

A

The external intercostal

54
Q

Which intercostal does the VRG innervate?

A

Internal intercostal

55
Q

The pre-Botzinger complex is associated with the VRG or the DRG?

56
Q

What is the function of the pre-Botzinger complex?

A

Controls rhythm, sets basal respiratory rate

57
Q

What are the 2 types of chemoreceptors?

A

Peripheral and central

58
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

In the aortic and carotid bodies

59
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

In the medulla oblongata

60
Q

Which gas is the central chemoreceptor not sensitive to?

61
Q

What does the central chemoreceptor do?

A

Monitor changes in H+ in cerebrospinal fluid

62
Q

PO2 under 60mmHg stimulates which receptor?

A

The peripheral chemoreceptors

63
Q

Hyperventilation is used to compensate for an increase or decrease in H+?

Systems Physiology (9 decks)

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