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Systems Physiology > Cardio Part II > Flashcards

Cardio Part II Flashcards

1
Q

Pulse pressure is the difference between what two pressures?

A

Systolic-diastolic

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2
Q

Increased speed of ejection during SV does what to pulse pressure?

A

Increases it

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3
Q

Lowering arterial compliance affects pulse pressure in what way?

A

Increases it

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4
Q

What does arteriosclerosis refer to?

A

Stiffening of arteries with age

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5
Q

What is mean arterial pressure?

A

Cardiac output x Total Peripheral Resistance

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6
Q

Why is velocity so low through the capillaries?

A

Its highly branched and allows for diffusion

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7
Q

How much fluid a day does the lymphatic system pick up?

A

4L

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8
Q

Leaked fluid during capillary exchange is picked up by what system?

A

Lymphatic system

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9
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

Sense low blood pressure

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10
Q

How is Ca2+ permeability on the L type Ca2+ channel changed?

A

Phosphorylation

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11
Q

How is the rate of relaxation increased in sympathetic regulation?

A

Phosphorylation of troponin and the Ca2+ ATPase pumps

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12
Q

Which vessel is the site of gas exchange and diffusion?

A

Capillaries

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13
Q

Which vessel has high elasticity and low compliance?

A

Arteries

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14
Q

Which vessel has high compliance and low elasticity?

A

Veins

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15
Q

Blood pressure is a ratio between which two pressures?

A

Systolic/diastolic

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16
Q

Maximum pressure in the arteries

A

Systolic pressure

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17
Q

Minimal arterial pressure before ventricular ejection

A

Diastolic pressure

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18
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Pressure found at pulse sites

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19
Q

Increased stroke volume does what to pulse pressure?

A

Increases it

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20
Q

What do chromotropic effects act on?

A

The SA node

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21
Q

How does parasympathetic drive lower the heart rate?

A

Increased potassium permeability, hyperpolarizes the SA node

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22
Q

What type of receptor does acetylcholine act on?

A

Muscarinic receptors

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23
Q

Sympathetic drive increasing heart rate is an example of what effect?

A

Chronotropic effects

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24
Q

How does sympathetic drive increase heartrate?

A

Increases Naf permeability on SA node, exciting it

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25
Q

What are dromotropic effects?

A

Changes in speed of signal spread through atria and av node

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26
Q

Increase of signal spread through atria and av node

A

Sympathetic drive

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27
Q

Decrease of signal spread through atria and AV node

A

Parasympathetic

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28
Q

What factors affect stroke volume?

A

EDV, sympathetic drive input to ventricles and afterload changes

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29
Q

What are afterload changes?

A

Arterial pressures that blood faces as it leaves the ventricles

30
Q

If EDV increases, what else increaases?

A

SV

31
Q

What is the Frank Starling mechanism?

A

Law describing cardiac output, increased EDV = increased SV

32
Q

What is venous return?

A

Blood coming back to the heart

33
Q

What are effects on contractility referred to as?

A

Inotropic

34
Q

What is cardiac contracility?

A

Strength of contraction at a given EDV

35
Q

An increased rate of rise of force and peak force is associated with the phosphorylation of what two channels?

A

L-type Ca2+ channels and the RyR on SR membranes

36
Q

What is the heart emptying phase called?

A

Systole

37
Q

What is the heart filling phase?

A

Diastole

38
Q

When is ventricular pressure at its lowest?

A

The mid-late ventricular filling phase

39
Q

AVs are open and semilunars are closed during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Mid-late ventricular filling

40
Q

When is the pressure in the ventricles lowest during the cardiac cycle?

A

Mid-late ventricular filling phase

41
Q

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is associated with the P wave?

A

Mid-late ventricular filling phase

42
Q

What triggers the SA node to fire during the cardiac cycle?

A

When the ventricles are finished filling with blood

43
Q

What happens right before the atria contract?

A

The SA node fires and depolarizes the atria

44
Q

What is EDV?

A

End diastolic volume, happens at the end of the ventricular filling phase

45
Q

What causes the ventricles to completely fill to EDV?

A

Atria contract

46
Q

What is the first heart sound associated with?

A

Closing of the AV valves

47
Q

What causes the AVs to close during the cardiac cycle?

A

Rising ventricular pressure during isovolumetric contraction

48
Q

Why is it called isovolumetric contraction?

A

All heart valves are closed during the contraction, blood volume remains at EDV

49
Q

True or false: isovolumetric contraction happens at EDV

A

True

50
Q

QRS complex is at the beginning of what phase in the cardiac cycle?

A

Isovolumetric contraction

51
Q

Which valves are open during ventricular ejection?

A

The semilunars

52
Q

When is ventricular pressure at its highest during the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular ejection

53
Q

What is ESV?

A

End systolic volume, remaining volume after ventricular ejection

54
Q

When is ventricular pressure greater than atrial but lower than aortic?

A

During isovolumetric relaxation

55
Q

When is the second heart sound heard?

A

During isovolumetric contraction

56
Q

Which valves closing causes the second heart sound?

A

Semilunars

57
Q

First heart sound - lub

A

AVs close

58
Q

Second heart sound - dub

A

Semilunars close

59
Q

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is happening during the ST segment of the ekg?

A

Ventricular ejection

60
Q

The T wave finishes during which phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

61
Q

During early ventricular filling, is ventricular pressure greater or lower than atrial pressure?

A

Lower

62
Q

What is stroke volume? (SV)

A

Volume of blood pumped out of ventricles

63
Q

What is the volume of blood in the ventricles after contraction called?

A

End systolic volime (ESV)

64
Q

The percentage of blood pumped out is referred to as what?

A

Ejection fraction - SV/EDV

65
Q

What is the average ejection fraction (EF)?

A

55-65%

66
Q

What ejection fraction is indicative of hypertrophy?

A

75%

67
Q

What ejection fraction is a sign of heart failure?

A

Under 40%

68
Q

What is a measure of how much blood gets pumped out?

A

Carciac output

69
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

heart rate x stroke volume

70
Q

What is the average CO at rest?

A

5L/min

Systems Physiology (9 decks)

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