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Systems Physiology > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A

Mostly water, dissolved proteins, hormones, and ions

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2
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

% of blood volume that is red blood cells

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3
Q

What is hematocrit usually?

A

45%

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4
Q

What proteins are in plasma?

A

Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen

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5
Q

What are the 4 great arteries?

A

Vena cava, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, and aorta

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6
Q

Which valves are semilunars?

A

aortic and pulmonary

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7
Q

Which valves are AVs?

A

tricuspid and bicuspid

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8
Q

What valves are associated with the right side of the heart?

A

Tricuspid valve and pulmonary valve

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9
Q

What are the 4 valves?

A

Bicuspid, tricuspid, pulmonary and aortic

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10
Q

Which valves are associated with the left side of the heart?

A

Bicuspid valve and aortic valve

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11
Q

Which side of the heart is the pulmonary side?

A

Right side

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12
Q

Which side of the heart is the systemic side?

A

The left side

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13
Q

What is the vena cava connected to?

A

Right side of the heart

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14
Q

What causes the valves to open and close?

A

Pressure

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15
Q

What makes the AV valves open?

A

When atrial pessure>ventricular pressure

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16
Q

What makes the semilunars open?

A

Ventricular pressure>pressure in aorta or pulmonary trunk

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17
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Abnormally narrowed valve

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18
Q

What causes stenosis?

A

Can be congenital or due to calcium buildup

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19
Q

When is turbulent flow seen?

A

During stenosis

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20
Q

What happens in a leaky valve?

A

Flow goes backwards

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21
Q

What happens when the AVs are leaky?

A

Blood backs up into the atria or the great vessels

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22
Q

What happens when the semilunars are leaky?

A

Blood flow returns to the ventricles

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23
Q

What factors play into resistance?

A

Viscosity, length and radius

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24
Q

What is poiseuilles law?

A

Associated with resistance, equation is R=1/r^4

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25
Q

What is the flow rate law?

A

Difference in pressure/Resistance

26
Q

What are the two types of heart cells?

A

Electrically conducting and cardiomyocytes

27
Q

The SA node and AV nodes are what type of cell?

A

Electrically conducting cell

28
Q

What is the function of cardiomyocytes?

A

Contractile, produce force

29
Q

What is released during sympathetic drive?

A

Epinephrine and norephrine

30
Q

Which receptors do epi and norepi bind to?

A

Beta-adrenergic receptors

31
Q

Are beta-adrenergic receptors metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Metabotropic

32
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Occurs in sympathetic drive, smooth muscle in arteries relax

33
Q

How does sympathetic drive affect cardiomyocytes?

A

Increased contractility

34
Q

When does the vagus nerve release acetylcholine?

A

Parasympathetic drive

35
Q

Where is acetylcholine released into?

A

The nodal cells in the atria

36
Q

Is parasympathetic drive associated with hyperpolarization or depolarization?

A

Hyperpolarization, K+ channels open

37
Q

What does the SA node do?

A

Depolarizes the atria

38
Q

What happens when the atria depolarize?

A

They contract

39
Q

What does the AV node do?

A

Allows for delay while the atria depolarize

40
Q

How does the signal spread to the ventricles?

A

Through the AV bundle

41
Q

What do the bundle branches do?

A

Finish conduction through the ventricles

42
Q

How do signals spread so quickly through the heart?

A

Gap junctions

43
Q

The cardiac action potential is also known as

A

The ventricular action potential

44
Q

Why is the cardiac stable resting potential slightly more negative than the nerve RMP?

A

Leak K+ current

45
Q

What happens during the upstroke of the cardiac action potential?

A

Rapid depolarization from voltage gated Na+ channels opening

46
Q

What happens during the notch phase of the cardiac action potential?

A

VG Na+ channels close, K+ channels open

47
Q

What is the Kto or Ito?

A

Current due to K+ channel

48
Q

What happens during the plateau of the cardiac action potential?

A

L type Ca2+ channels open, begins to open K+ channels. Keeps the potential steady

49
Q

What happens during the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential?

A

Efflux through rectifying K+ channels

50
Q

What are the Kr/Ks channels?

A

Delayed rectifiers, responsible for final repolarization of the cardiac action potential

51
Q

What makes the AVs close?

A

Atrial pressure is less than ventricular pressure

52
Q

What makes the semilunars close?

A

Ventricular pressure less than the aortic/pulmonary trunk pressure

53
Q

Why is the resting potential of the nodal action potential unsteady?

A

If - funny Na+ current

54
Q

Whats different about the funny Na+ current?

A

Peak opening during the hyperpolarized current, and it has slower kinetics

55
Q

What happens during the depolarization phase of the nodal cell action potential?

A

Ca2+ channels are open, both T-type and L-type

56
Q

What happens during the repolarization phase of the nodal cell action potential?

A

K+ efflux from rectifying K+ channels

57
Q

What is associated with the P wave?

A

Atrial depolarization

58
Q

What is associated with the QRS wave?

A

Vetricular depolarization

59
Q

What is associated with the T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization

60
Q

Why does the heart have such a long refractory period?

A

It has to completely relax to fill with blood

Systems Physiology (9 decks)

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