Cardio

Question 1

What is plasma composed of?

Answer 1

Mostly water, dissolved proteins, hormones, and ions

Question 2

What is hematocrit?

Answer 2

% of blood volume that is red blood cells

Question 3

What is hematocrit usually?

Answer 3

45%

Question 4

What proteins are in plasma?

Answer 4

Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen

Question 5

What are the 4 great arteries?

Answer 5

Vena cava, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, and aorta

Question 6

Which valves are semilunars?

Answer 6

aortic and pulmonary

Question 7

Which valves are AVs?

Answer 7

tricuspid and bicuspid

Question 8

What valves are associated with the right side of the heart?

Answer 8

Tricuspid valve and pulmonary valve

Question 9

What are the 4 valves?

Answer 9

Bicuspid, tricuspid, pulmonary and aortic

Question 10

Which valves are associated with the left side of the heart?

Answer 10

Bicuspid valve and aortic valve

Question 11

Which side of the heart is the pulmonary side?

Answer 11

Right side

Question 12

Which side of the heart is the systemic side?

Answer 12

The left side

Question 13

What is the vena cava connected to?

Answer 13

Right side of the heart

Question 14

What causes the valves to open and close?

Answer 14

Pressure

Question 15

What makes the AV valves open?

Answer 15

When atrial pessure>ventricular pressure

Question 16

What makes the semilunars open?

Answer 16

Ventricular pressure>pressure in aorta or pulmonary trunk

Question 17

What is stenosis?

Answer 17

Abnormally narrowed valve

Question 18

What causes stenosis?

Answer 18

Can be congenital or due to calcium buildup

Question 19

When is turbulent flow seen?

Answer 19

During stenosis

Question 20

What happens in a leaky valve?

Answer 20

Flow goes backwards

Question 21

What happens when the AVs are leaky?

Answer 21

Blood backs up into the atria or the great vessels

Question 22

What happens when the semilunars are leaky?

Answer 22

Blood flow returns to the ventricles

Question 23

What factors play into resistance?

Answer 23

Viscosity, length and radius

Question 24

What is poiseuilles law?

Answer 24

Associated with resistance, equation is R=1/r^4

Question 25

What is the flow rate law?

Answer 25

Difference in pressure/Resistance

Question 26

What are the two types of heart cells?

Answer 26

Electrically conducting and cardiomyocytes

Question 27

The SA node and AV nodes are what type of cell?

Answer 27

Electrically conducting cell

Question 28

What is the function of cardiomyocytes?

Answer 28

Contractile, produce force

Question 29

What is released during sympathetic drive?

Answer 29

Epinephrine and norephrine

Question 30

Which receptors do epi and norepi bind to?

Answer 30

Beta-adrenergic receptors

Question 31

Are beta-adrenergic receptors metabotropic or ionotropic?

Answer 31

Metabotropic

Question 32

What is vasodilation?

Answer 32

Occurs in sympathetic drive, smooth muscle in arteries relax

Question 33

How does sympathetic drive affect cardiomyocytes?

Answer 33

Increased contractility

Question 34

When does the vagus nerve release acetylcholine?

Answer 34

Parasympathetic drive

Question 35

Where is acetylcholine released into?

Answer 35

The nodal cells in the atria

Question 36

Is parasympathetic drive associated with hyperpolarization or depolarization?

Answer 36

Hyperpolarization, K+ channels open

Question 37

What does the SA node do?

Answer 37

Depolarizes the atria

Question 38

What happens when the atria depolarize?

Answer 38

They contract

Question 39

What does the AV node do?

Answer 39

Allows for delay while the atria depolarize

Question 40

How does the signal spread to the ventricles?

Answer 40

Through the AV bundle

Question 41

What do the bundle branches do?

Answer 41

Finish conduction through the ventricles

Question 42

How do signals spread so quickly through the heart?

Answer 42

Gap junctions

Question 43

The cardiac action potential is also known as

Answer 43

The ventricular action potential

Question 44

Why is the cardiac stable resting potential slightly more negative than the nerve RMP?

Answer 44

Leak K+ current

Question 45

What happens during the upstroke of the cardiac action potential?

Answer 45

Rapid depolarization from voltage gated Na+ channels opening

Question 46

What happens during the notch phase of the cardiac action potential?

Answer 46

VG Na+ channels close, K+ channels open

Question 47

What is the Kto or Ito?

Answer 47

Current due to K+ channel

Question 48

What happens during the plateau of the cardiac action potential?

Answer 48

L type Ca2+ channels open, begins to open K+ channels. Keeps the potential steady

Question 49

What happens during the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential?

Answer 49

Efflux through rectifying K+ channels

Question 50

What are the Kr/Ks channels?

Answer 50

Delayed rectifiers, responsible for final repolarization of the cardiac action potential

Question 51

What makes the AVs close?

Answer 51

Atrial pressure is less than ventricular pressure

Question 52

What makes the semilunars close?

Answer 52

Ventricular pressure less than the aortic/pulmonary trunk pressure

Question 53

Why is the resting potential of the nodal action potential unsteady?

Answer 53

If - funny Na+ current

Question 54

Whats different about the funny Na+ current?

Answer 54

Peak opening during the hyperpolarized current, and it has slower kinetics

Question 55

What happens during the depolarization phase of the nodal cell action potential?

Answer 55

Ca2+ channels are open, both T-type and L-type

Question 56

What happens during the repolarization phase of the nodal cell action potential?

Answer 56

K+ efflux from rectifying K+ channels

Question 57

What is associated with the P wave?

Answer 57

Atrial depolarization

Question 58

What is associated with the QRS wave?

Answer 58

Vetricular depolarization

Question 59

What is associated with the T wave?

Answer 59

Ventricular repolarization

Question 60

Why does the heart have such a long refractory period?

Answer 60

It has to completely relax to fill with blood