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Systems Physiology > Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which duct system will differentiate into the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicles?

A

Wolffian

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2
Q

Which duct system will differentiate into the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes?

A

Mullerian

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3
Q

Where is the SRY gene located?

A

Y chromosome

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4
Q

The SRY gene is expressed and what structure develops after?

A

Testes

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5
Q

What hormone causes the degeneration of the Mullerian ducts?

A

AMH (anti-mullerian hormone)

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6
Q

What happens in a person with androgen insensitivity?

A

XY, presents as female due to inability to respond to testosterone

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7
Q

What structures are people with androgen insensitivity missing?

A

The duct systems do not differentiate and degenerates completely

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8
Q

Which cells secrete AMH?

A

Sertoli cells

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9
Q

Which cells secrete testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

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10
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules of the testes

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11
Q

What is the site of sperm maturation?

A

Epididymis

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12
Q

At what point are the sperm motile?

A

In the vas deferens

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13
Q

What do the seminal vesicles do?

A

Secrete chemicals that promote sperm motility and fructose

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14
Q

What is the purpose of fructose in semen?

A

Food for sperm

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15
Q

60% of seminal fluid comes from what gland?

A

The seminal vesicles

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16
Q

What gland secretes bicarbonate?

A

Prostate gland

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17
Q

30% of seminal fluid comes from what gland?

A

The prostate

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18
Q

Why is bicarbonate secreted into the semen?

A

Buffers acidity in vagina

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19
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands do?

A

Buffers any residual urine and provides lubrication

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20
Q

How much of semen is sperm?

A

About 10%

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21
Q

What is the site of sperm storage?

A

Vas deferens

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22
Q

What moves sperm along in seminiferous tubules?

A

Pressure from sertoli cells secreting fluid

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23
Q

Which central nervous system function controls erections?

A

Parasympathetic

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24
Q

Which central nervous system function controls ejaculation?

A

Sympathetic drive

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25
Q

Viagra works by inhibiting what?

A

cGMP phosphodiesterase

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26
Q

What does cGMP do in the male reproductive system?

A

Promotes vasodilation and the relaxation of smooth muscle, allows for an erection

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27
Q

What secretes FSH and LH?

A

Anterior pituitary

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28
Q

Testosterone has a negative feedback loop on what two hormones?

A

LH and GnRH

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29
Q

What opposes estrogen action on breast growth?

A

Testosterone

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30
Q

EPO secretion by the kidney is stimulated by what hormone?

A

Testosterone

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31
Q

What does EPO do?

A

Increases O2 utilization

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32
Q

What is one concern of anabolic steroids?

A

Overstimulation of prostate growth

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33
Q

Anabolic steroids cause the shrinkage of what?

A

Testes, leads to low sperm count and infertility

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34
Q

Menstruation is on what day of the menstrual cycle?

A

1st day

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35
Q

What is the difference between the menstrual and ovarian cycle?

A

menstrual just refers to the uterus and ovarian just to the ovaries

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36
Q

What are the fingerlike projections that guide the egg into the fallopian tube?

A

Fimbrae

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37
Q

What is surrounding the oocyte?

A

Zona pellucida and granulosa cells

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38
Q

What is a follicle?

A

Contains the oocyte, it is full of fluid and surrounded by granulosa cells.

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39
Q

What leaves at ovulation?

A

The egg leaves surrounded by the zona pellucida and one layer of granulosa cells

40
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

What remains of the follicle after ovulation - theca cells and granulosa cells. Produces progesterone

41
Q

Estrogen affects what two hormones in a negative feedback loop?

A

LH and FSH

42
Q

During what days of the ovarian cycle is the corpus luteum present?

A

Days 15-28

43
Q

At the end of what week in the ovarian cycle does a follicle become dominant?

A

First week

44
Q

What happens when a follicle becomes dominant?

A

Increased number of FSH and LH receptors, other developing follicles degenerate

45
Q

What secretes estrogen during the first week?

A

The follicles

46
Q

The decrease of FSH during days 8-14 is caused by what?

A

Atresia of additional developing follicles

47
Q

What induces ovulation?

A

Massive surge in LH

48
Q

How is LH stimulated before ovulation?

A

Estrogen has a positive feedback loop on LSH and FSH during the second week

49
Q

When is the only time during the ovarian cycle that estrogen has a positive feedback loop?

A

Days 8-14

50
Q

Thickening of the endometrium begins in what week of the menstrual cycle?

A

2nd week (days 8-14)

51
Q

During weeks 3 and 4 of the ovarian cycle, what is the major source of hormones?

A

Corpus luteum

52
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Estrogen, progesterone and inhibin

53
Q

Why is LH inhibited in weeks 3 and 4?

A

Prevents new follicular development to focus energy on preparing uterus for implantation

54
Q

What is present in the endometrium to serve as nutrients?

A

Glycogen and glycoproteins

55
Q

What is the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Weeks 3 and 4

56
Q

If there is no pregnancy, what happens to the corpus luteum?

A

It degrades

57
Q

What triggers a decrease in estrogen and progesterone near the end of the menstrual cycle?

A

Degradation of corpus luteum

58
Q

What triggers menstruation?

A

Decrease in plasma levels of estrogen and progesterone

59
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

Inhibits FSH secretion

60
Q

How does hormonal birth control work?

A

Combination of estrogen and progesterone prevents follicles from developing and prevents ovulation

61
Q

How long is sperm viable for in the reproductive tract?

A

5-7 days

62
Q

What part of the egg does sperm need to bind to?

A

Zona pellucida

63
Q

What are the major obstacles for the sperm?

A

Vaginal acidity and length to swim to fallopian tubes

64
Q

How long does the zygote stay in the fallopian tube?

A

3-4 days

65
Q

What causes the zygote to move toward the uterus?

A

Uterine contractions

66
Q

At what point is the zygote totipotent?

A

16-32 cells

67
Q

What does totipotent mean?

A

Ability to differentiate into any type of cell

68
Q

What do the support structures (placenta and amniotic sac) differentiate from?

A

The trophoblast of the blastocyst

69
Q

What becomes the embryo of the blastocyst?

A

Inner cell mass

70
Q

When the zygote has reached about 100 cells, what is it referred to as?

A

A blastocyst

71
Q

What is the long term nutritional source for the embryo?

A

Placenta

72
Q

What does the placenta do?

A

Connects fetal and maternal tissues, source of fetal nutrition

73
Q

When does the placenta develop?

A

About 5 weeks after implantation

74
Q

When is pregnancy tracked from?

A

Date of last period

75
Q

How early can pregnancy be detected?

A

About 1 week after missed period

76
Q

What is detected during a pregnancy test?

A

hCG

77
Q

When does the blastocyst implant?

A

Around day 21

78
Q

Low body weight/low body fat and increased cortisol can cause what?

A

Amenorrhea

79
Q

Why does amenorrhea happen?

A

Decreased GnRH, leads to no endometrium and no bleeding

80
Q

What is a risk of amenorrhea if condition persists too long?

A

Bone degradation and muscle weakness

81
Q

Where is hCG secreted from?

A

Trophoblast cells of the embryo

82
Q

What does progesterone do in pregnancy?

A

Prevents uterus from contracting, keeps the embryo inside

83
Q

What does estrogen do in pregnancy?

A

Stimulates growth of uterine muscle

84
Q

What does hCG do in early pregnancy?

A

Keeps corpus luteum from degrading for about 2 months until the placenta grows

85
Q

After 2 months, what is the main estrogen and progesterone source in pregnancy?

A

Placenta

86
Q

How many pregnancies start with the water breaking?

A

About 10%

87
Q

What allows for coordinated uterine contractions during birth?

A

Synthesis of connexin (gap junctions) between myometrial cells

88
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

Smooth muscle of the uterus

89
Q

An increase in oxytocin receptors on the myometrium causes what?

A

The cervix becomes soft and flexible to allow for birth

90
Q

Where do contractions begin in the uterus?

A

Upper uterus

91
Q

What hormone stimulates milk production?

A

Prolactin

92
Q

What stimulates prolactin following birth?

A

Massive drop in estrogen following birth

93
Q

What hormones are increased by infant suckling?

A

Prolactin and oxytocin

94
Q

Prolactin inhibits negative feedback on what hormone?

A

GnRH

95
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

3 missed periods in a row or lack of period at all

Systems Physiology (9 decks)

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