Digestive Physiology Flashcards
Chemical and physical breakdown of food is referred to as what?
Digestion
What happens during absorption?
Nutrients are taken into the blood
What contributes to the high rate of surface area for absorption in the small intestine?
Convoluted surface area of the lumen
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine?
Endocrine is secretions into the blood and exocrine is secretions into the digestive tract
What is regulated by the stomach contents and volume?
GI processes
What are the 4 ways that the GI processes are regulated?
Distension of stomach walls, osmolarity of chyme, chyme acidity and the concentration of digestive enzymes in the chyme
How do emotional states and hunger influence the GI system?
Emotional states trigger the CNS which innervates the smooth muscles, response in the gastrointestinal lumen
Sublingual, submandibular and parotid are 3 types of what?
Salivary glands
What are the contents of saliva?
Mucus, water, HCO3- and enzymes
Which enzymes are in saliva?
Lysozyme, salivary lipase and salivary amylase
What does salivary amylase do?
Breaks down carbs
What does salivary lipase do?
Breaks down fat
What is the purpose of saliva?
Lubricate food, buffer acidity
Increased salivary gland activity by increased blood flow to the salivary glands is under control of what?
Parasympathetic activity
Decreased salivary gland activity is under the control of what?
Sympathetic activity
What causes heartburn?
Acid reflux into the cardiac sphincter
What are the two sphincters in the esophagus?
Upper esophageal sphincter and lower esophageal sphincter
How does regurgitation of chyme into the esophagus happen?
Esophageal sphincters don’t always close properly during and following swallowing, allows chyme into esophagus
The wave of contractions to bring food downward is referred to as what?
Peristalsis
What are the 3 types of cells in the stomach?
Parietal cells, chief cells and G cells
Which cells secrete pepsinogen in the stomach?
Chief cells
Which cells secret HCl and intrinsic factor in the stomach?
Parietal cells
Where does the HCl in the stomach come from?
The bicarbonate buffer system, secreted by parietal cells
Which cells in the stomach secrete gastrin?
G cells
Where does gastrin go after secretion?
Into the blood
Out of carbs, fats and proteins, which macromolecule gets partially digested in the stomach?
Proteins
The increase of proteins in the stomach lumen stimulates what?
Gastrin release and the insertion of H/K Atpase pumps, ultimately means increased acidity