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Anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 2 anatomical divisions of the respiratory system

A

1 upper respiratory track - sinuses , nasal cavity , pharynx , epiglottis

2 lower respiratory track - larynx , Trachea , bronchi , bronchiole , terminal and respiratory bronchiole , diaphragm , pleura , alveoli , alveoli ducts

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2
Q

Describe the 2 functioning divisions of the respiratory system

A

1 conducting portion - from nasal cavity to terminal bronchiole

2 respiratory portion - respiratory bronchiole to alveoli

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3
Q

Describe structure and function of alveoli

Function of conducting portion cartilage

A
  • sac like structures which are site for gaseous exchange to and fro blood
  • cartilage in conducting portion ensure steady flow of uninterrupted air
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4
Q

List the 2 components of nasal cavity

A

1 external dilated vestibule

2 internal nasal cavity

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5
Q

Describe change nature of skin as it enters nostrils , structure and function

A

-as skin enters nares of vestibule it changes from keratanized into pseudo-stratified

  • has sweat and sebaceous glands
  • has vibrissae to filter inspired air
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6
Q

What is 2 cavernous chambers linked by nasal septum

A

-nasal cavity

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7
Q

Describe conchae structure and its mucosa

A
  • bony like shelves extending from lateral wall of nasal cavity
  • mucosa lining has lamina propia which has vasculature
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8
Q

How is inspired air humidified and heated in nasal cavity

A
  • vasculature of lamina of propia release heat to warm it

- sebaceous and sweat gland release water to humify

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9
Q

Function of sebaceous glands mucus in nasal cavity

A

-traps particles in inspired air

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10
Q

Functions of the 2 conchae

A
  • middle and inferior are respiratory epithelium

- superior is olfactory epithelium

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11
Q

Describe the respiratory epithelium and its 5 cells and where found

A
  • most of conducting portion
  • pseudo-stratified epithelium with thick basement membrane

1 ciliated pseudo-stratified
2 goblet cells
3 basal cells - regeneration
4 brush cells - chemoreceptors with afferent nerve in basement membrane
5 small granule cells - have dense core granules , part of diffuse nueroendocrine system ( DNES )

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12
Q

List the parts olfactory epithelium

A

-mitral cell ( superior ), tufted cell ( inferior )
-olfactory bulb
/cribiform plate
-basal lamina
-olfactory epithelium ( basal cells , nerve soma , supporting cells , glands )
-mucus layer ( olfactory hairs , odor molecules)

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13
Q

Where is olfactory epithelium found and it’s function

A
  • found on upper nasals cavity plate and superior conchae

- has sensory chemoreceptors for smell sensation

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14
Q

Describe structure of olfactory neurons and function

A

/bipolar with uneven row of soma in epithelium
-dendrites project into mucus layer

-respond to odor molecules and generate action potentials to process smell

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15
Q

Describe olfactory bulb and it’s nerve

A
  • ball of synapses between mitral, tufted and olfactory nerves
  • nerve is olfactory track (cranial nerve 1 )
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16
Q

Structure and function of supporting cells In olfactory epithelium

A
  • Columnar with narrow base and wide apex
  • have tight junctions and bind to epithelium
  • maintain micro environment conducive for olfactory nerves
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17
Q

Structure and function of basal cells in olfactory epithelium

A
  • small , spherical near basal Lamina

- stem cells

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18
Q

What type of gland in Lamina propia of olfactory epithelium and function

A

-glands of Bowman
-lubricant of cilia
Facilitate access of odiferous molecules

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19
Q

Where are paranasal sinuses found and their structure

A
  • frontal , sphenoid , maxillary , ethmoid bones of skull

- few glands , goblet and thin respiratory epithelium and Lamina continuous with underlying periosteum

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20
Q

Describe the pharynx and what it leads to

A

-nasal cavity opens to nasopharnyx posteriorly which is continuous with oropharynx ( throat ) leading to epiglottis and larynx

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21
Q

Describe the larynx structure

What’s supports its structure

A

-short passage between pharynx and trachea

/hyaline cartilage in walls connected by ligaments

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22
Q

Describe the structure and function of epiglottis

A

-flattened structure projecting from upper larynx
/prevents food entering larynx

/upper surface ( lingual ) has stratified epithelium which transitions to respiratory at some points
-glands present in Lamina

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23
Q

Describe the formation and parts of structure under the epiglottis

A

-mucosa projects bidirectionally into lumen forming 2 folds separated by narrow space / ventricle

24
Q

Describe the structure of the upper ventricle folds in larynx

A

-covered by respiratory epithelium overlying glands

25
Q

Describe the vocal folds structure

A

1 covered with stratified epi to protect mucosa from abrasion of fast moving air

2 elastic CT support free edge of each vocal cord

3 deep in mucosa are muscle fibers wc allow contraction of folds

26
Q

How is sound made by larynx

What is under the cords

How is speech produced

A
  • larynx ( vocal cord muscle fibre deep in mucosa ) contracts adducting the 2 folds forming narrow rima glottis and expelled air moves through it causing sound
  • infraglottic cavity
  • larynx sounds modified by lips, mouth and pharynx
27
Q

Describe structure of trachea

A

-10-12 cm long in adults ,
Respiratory epithelium
-glands in Lamina to produce watery secretions

28
Q

What supports trachea and describe its structure and function

A
  • c shaped cartilage , keep airway open and reinforce wall
  • bridged by muscle called trachealis muscle
  • open end on posterior part against esophagus
29
Q

How does the trachea respond during swallowing and coughing

A
  • trachealis muscle contracts to facilitate swallowing
  • allow esophagus to protrudes into it
  • elastic layer prevent excessive bulging.

-trachealis contracts greatly to narrow lumen and provide increased velocity for expelled air

30
Q

What does trachea branch into !? And where does it enter lungs

What does bronchi give rise to and name them and their function

A
  • into 2 primary bronchi
  • at hilum

-into 3 secondary bronchi ( lobar )
-supply each lobe with
1 superior 2• bronchus
2 middle 2• bronchus
3 inferior 2• bronchus

31
Q

What does 2• bronchi branch into !?

What is bronchopulmonary

What’s does 3• bronchi branch into

A
  • segmental (3•) bronchi
  • segmental bronchi and their vessels it supplies
  • into bronchiole
32
Q

Describe bronchi structure

A

-mucosa same as trachea but as they branch get smaller and smaller and cartilage replaced by isolated islands of cartilage

33
Q

What makes folded appearance of bronchi mucosa

Where are lymph nodes present !?

A
  • in Lamina has smooth muscle and elastic which is responsible for contraction forming folded appearance
  • at branching points
34
Q

Describe bronchiole structure

A

-lack mucosal glands
- no cartilage
-has dense CT of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
-ciliated cuboidal or columnar epithelium ( in terminal )
And pseudo-stratified in larger bronchiole

35
Q

Where are club cells found and their function and it’s structure

A

/found in cuboidal epithelium with non-ciliated apical ends and granules

1 secrete surfactant - lipoproteins and mucins which are lubricants

2 enzymes of SER to detoxify inhaled xenobiotic compounds

3 anti microbial particles and cytokines of immune response

36
Q

Does bronchiole have surface foldings and why

What innervates bronchi and bronchiole

What does bronchiole divide into

A
  • yes. Due to Lamina having smooth and elastic muscle
  • ANs
  • terminal bronchiole
37
Q

What does terminal bronchiole divide Into and what does it branch into

A

/respiratory bronchiole - branches into alveoli ducts

38
Q

What covers alveoli and it’s function

A
  • elastic fibers and CT

- to allow alveoli to expand when filled with air

39
Q

Where do alveoli ducts branch from

Describe structure and ecm of alveoli

What do the ducts give way to

Where is capillary bed found in lungs

A
  • distal respiratory bronchiole
  • thin squamous cells
  • strand of smooth muscle with elastic and collagen fibers network
  • alveoli ( the sac )
  • around alveoli
40
Q

List all components of blood air Barrier

A
  • ( capillary membrane , fused membranes of capillary and alveoli cell , alveolar type 1 cell ) respiratory membrane
  • nuclei of cells
  • gases
  • alveoli CT
41
Q

Describe structure of alveoli

Function of Reticular fibers

A
  • sac like invaginations from ducts and respiratory bronchiole
  • each has one side which opens up to duct

-prevent collapse of alveoli during distention

42
Q

Function of pores of Kohn

A

-alveolar pores penetrate septa and Join alveoli of diff bronchiole systems ( collateral circulation)

43
Q

Describe structure of capillary beds in alveoli

A
  • tight junctions to prevent tissue leaking into alveoli
  • continuous to control gases exchange
  • organelles perinuclear allowing rest of cell to be thin
44
Q

Describe type 1 alveolar cells

A

-attenuated
/organelles perinuclear
-alveoli side of blood brain barrier
95% of alveoli

45
Q

Describe structure and anatomy of type 2 pneumocytes

A
  • cuboidal cells bound to type 1 by desmosomes and tight junctions
  • occur in 2-3 at type 1 joinings
  • have same basal Lamina as type 1
46
Q

Function of type 2 pneumocytes

A

-has vesicles called lamellae bodies which have lipids that are surfactant for type 1 to spread over aqueous phase
1 decrease surface tension - prevent collapse during exhalation
2 less force required during inhalation

47
Q

What are dust cells in respiratory system and their function

How to differentiate from type 2 pneumocytes

A
  • alveoli macrophages which phagocytize damaged capillaries and xenobiotic particles
  • darker due to dust and hemosiderins
48
Q

Fate of dust cells after phagocytosis

A

1 remain in septum
2 exit in lymphatic drainage
3 taken to bronchiole for exit to trachea

49
Q

How is damaged alveoli repaired

A
  • type 2 diff and proliferate

- stem cells

50
Q

Describe the 2 blood circulation systems in lungs

A

1 bronchial - rich O2 blood to pulmonary vein

2 pulmonary - o2 depleted blood from pulmonary artery

51
Q

Describe path of vasculature ( pulmonary ) from hilum in lung and back

A
  • enter hilum and move along bronchi
  • at arterial respiratory bronchiole become anastomose
  • Venules occur singly and follow bronchial tee to hilum
52
Q

What supplies lung with blood
Where does it enter
Where does the vessel drain
What structures does it supply blood to ( or a what level )

A

-bronchial arteries
-at hilum
/at pulmonary artery entering capillary networks
-at respiratory bronchiole level

53
Q

What is pleural membrane and describe its function

A
  • lung outer surface and thoracic cavity internal wall
  • has 2 walls ( inner visceral pleural and outer parietal pleural )
  • continuous at hilum
54
Q

What lines pleural ( both layers )

A

-mesothelial that produces thin film with of serous fluid which is lubricant to allow movement of other organs across it easily

55
Q

What happens to respiratory system during inhalation

A

-external intercostal muscles contract elevating rib
-diaphragm contraction lowering bottom half of thoracic cavity increasing its diameter
-bronchi increase in length and diameter
/respiratory portion increases due to dust and little due to alveoli

56
Q

What happens to lungs during exhalation

A

-lungs retract passively

Anatomy (15 decks)

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