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Anatomy > Heart Chambers, Valves And Surface Markings > Flashcards

Heart Chambers, Valves And Surface Markings Flashcards

1
Q

Describe right atrium
Inflow
Outflow
Gross features

A
  • receiving chamber. Inflow through SVC( above diaphragm or upper body ), IVC( below diaphragm or lower body ) and coronary sinus( from myocardium ).
  • makes up right border of heart
  • posterior wall is smooth and has fossa ovalis lined by rim called limbus of fossa ovalis
  • anterior wall is trabeculated by musculi pectinati and has edge called crista terminalis from SVC to IVC
  • outflow tract faces anterior and medial through tricuspid valve into RV
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2
Q

List and describe the three heart layers

What are auricles

A

1 endothelial- lines chambers and blood vessels
2 myocardium- cardiac muscles responsible for myogenic contractions
3 epicardium - outer part

  • CT covering the atriums.
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3
Q

Describe right ventricle
Inflow
Outflow
Gross features

A
  • pumping chamber to lungs via pulmonary trunk through semi lunar valves. Inflow from RA through tricuspid valve
  • forms most of sternocostal part and part of diaphragm part
  • outflow is upwards through pulmonary valve into trunk
  • walls trabeculated with 3 papillary muscles with chordae tendinae
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4
Q 
Describe tricuspid valve 
The cusps 
The attachments 
Is state during RV systole 
Competence
A
  • 3 cusps attached at base to fibrous ring which is part of fibrous heat skeleton and to interior of RV via chordate tendinae to papillary muscles.
  • anterior , septal and posterior cusps to anterior , septal and posterior papillary muscles.
  • closed during ventricle systole to prevent backflow into RA
  • active competence requires functional papillary muscles
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5
Q

Describe trabeculate carnae,
Where does septal cusp go
Describe septomarginal trabeculae

Describe conus arteriosus

A
  • trabeculations of post wall of RV.
  • goes to inter ventricular septum - trabeculations of inner RV from interventricular septum to ant wall.
  • smooth sup inner wall of RV leading to pulmonary trunks
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6
Q

Describe pulmonary valve
State when closed

Describe sinus, nodule and lunule of valve

Competence of PV

A
  • 3 cusps ( ant, right and left ) attached to fibrous ring part of heart fibrous skeleton
  • closed during ventricular diastole to prevent backflow
  • nodule is tip , lunule is rim and sinus is depression or dilation

-passive competence

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7
Q

Describe left atrium
Inflow
Outflow
Gross features

A
  • forms base of heart and covered by left auricle.
  • Inflow is the 4 pulm veins and outflow is mitral valve into LV
  • posterior to it is esophagus
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8
Q

Describe left ventricle
Inflow
Outflow
Gross features

A
  • left border of heart, apex and most of inferior surface
  • walls trabeculations with 2 papillary muscles ie ant and post
  • Inflow through mitral valve
  • outflow outwards and upwards through aortic valve into aorta
  • Thicker as it pumps blood to entire body wall
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9
Q

Describe mitral valve
Attachments
State when closed

A
  • 2 cusps , ant and post attached to ant and post papillary muscles via chordae tendinae
  • attaches to fibrous ring part of fibrous skeleton
  • closed during ventricle systole to prevent backflow into LA
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10
Q

Describe aortic valve
Attachments
State when closed
Gross features

A
  • 3 cusps ( left , right and post ) at apex of aortic vestibule, attached to fibrous ring of heart fibrous skeleton
  • gas aortic sinus to supply heart
  • closed during LV systole to prevent backflow into LV
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11
Q

Describe what happens to and around aortic valve during LV systole and diastole

A

Systole - ventricle contacts forcing blood into aortic through valve. Also mitral valve forced closed

Diastole - ventricle relaxes and aortic valve closes but mitral open and ventricle fills with blood. Blood files aortic sinus and flows into coronary arteries to supply blood to heart.

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12
Q

Describe cardiac skeleton

A
  • bases of valves attach to dense fibrous rings ( also give attachments to myocardium ) which interconnect in a plane between atria and ventricles ( separates atria and ventricles )
  • the ring insulates myocardium of atria and ventricles
  • fibrous trigone is area through which passes atrioventricular bundle of heart
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13
Q

List and describe clinical correlations of valves

A
  • mitral valve most frequently diseased
  • mitral valve insufficiency ( incompetence ) valve unable to close completely ie defective functioning
  • mitral stenosis- cusps rigid and fuse - heart murmur and length of munhu indicates severity of stenosis
  • aortic stenosis
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14
Q

Describe shape of heart during inspiration and expiration

Effect this has on apex and apex beat

A
  • Narrower
  • shorter
  • they vary in position while breathing
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15
Q

Describe borders of heart and contents of each border

A

Right - 3rd to 6th costal Margin. Right atrium

Left - 2nd costal margin to 5th intercostal space. Left ventricle

Superior- 2nd right margin to 3rd left costal margin. Great vessels

Inferior - 6th costal margin to 5th intercostal space right. Right and left ventricle

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16
Q

What is apex pulsation and where seen

A
  • part of heart felt against chest wall. Seen in 5th intercostal space in mid clavicular line.
17
Q

List where heart valves are best heard

A

/ all lie behind sternum

  • mitral at apex
  • tricuspid at lower left end of sternum
  • aortic at 2nd rib right to sternum
  • pulmonary at 2nd rib left to sternum
18
Q

Describe how to draw outline of heart

A
  • start at apex and draw horizontal line to 6th costal margin 1cm from sternum
  • convex line to 3rd costal margin 1cm from sternum
  • horizontal line across to inf border of 2nd costal margin 2cm from SM.
  • continue downwards to apex
19
Q

Describe bone thorax
Thoracic cage
Function
Borders

A
  • flattened anteroposteriorly. Lateral rib shafts are the walls.
  • protect viscera. Helps in breathing. Connects structures.
    -post is thoracic vertebrae. Ant is costal cartilage and sternum. Sup thoracic Inlet and inf outlet
    -
20
Q

Which are true , false and floating ribs

A
  • 1-7 direct to sternum
  • 8-10 fuse and form costal margin
  • 11 and 12 no ant articulation
21
Q

Describe typical ribs

A
  • long, curved, round sup border and sharp and thin inf border.
  • head with 2 demifacets for articulation with numerically equal vetebrae and one above.
  • neck separates head and tubercle ( binds to transverse process of vertebrae )
  • shaft thin flat and curved
22
Q

Describe atypical rib

A
  • rib 1 broadest. Shortest and sharply curved. Has one demifacet
  • rib 10-12 have one facet on head for articulation with their own vertebrae
23
Q

Describe sternum

Angle of Louis

A
  • 3 components
    1 manubrium - clavicle , 1st rib and 2nd
    2 body of sternum - 2-7
    3 xithoid process - 7th rib and ossified after 49 years
  • 2nd intercostal space and T4/5 level.
    Between manubrium and body
  • accurate landmark
24
Q

Structures used to describe thoracic viscera

A
  • costal Cartilage
  • sternum
  • Angie of Louis
  • ribs
  • vertebrae
25
Q

4 steps in physical examination

A

1 inspection - look at areas of concern. Note important structures and asses normality

2 palpitation - examine underlying palatable structures

3 percussion - sharp taps over body wall to set up vibrations in underlying structures

4 ascultations - listen to sounds using stethoscope

Anatomy (15 decks)

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