Blood Flashcards
What is blood
-specialized CT with formed elements ( erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets ) and a fluid ecm called plasma
Average blood in an adult , how it moves ,direction and what it moves it
-5 - 5.5L
- propelled by rhythmic contractions of the heart
- in a closed circulatory system
- moves uni directionally
Components of blood and %
- plasma 55%
- erythrocytes 45%
- Buffy coat <1%
What is hemocrit
-entire erythrocyte concentration circulating in blood
Components of plasma and %
- proteins 7%
- water 92%
- other solutes <1%
Components of Buffy coat
- platelets
- leukocytes
Function of water in plasma
-solvent in which formed elements are suspended and proteins and solutes are dissolved in
Plasma proteins albumin and globulin , function , characteristics , where made and %
1 albumin 58%- contributes to blood viscosity
- exerts osmotic balance to retain fluid
- binds and transports fatty acids, hormones and electrolytes
- most abundant plasma protein and made in liver
2 globulin 37% - alpha : transports lipids and metal ions
- beta transports iron ions and lipids
- gamma ( immunoglobulin ) are antibodies with immune functions / made by plasma cells
- made in liver has transferrin ( transport factors )
Plasma proteins fibrinogen and regulatory , function , characteristics , where made and %
1 fibrinogen 4% - largest plasma protein
- made in liver
- polymerizes during clotting to form 3D insoluble meshwork trapping blood cells
2 regulatory <1% - has enzymes to complement inflammation and destruction of micro organisms
Plasma solutes , function , characteristics , where made and %
1 electrolytes - maintain pH and osmotic balance
-help establish and maintain membrane potentials
2 nutrients - energy source
-precursor for synthesis cells
3 respiratory gases - O2 needed for aerobic respiration
-CO2 waste gas from metabolism
4 waste products- no use but are being taken to excretory organs for removal from blood
Components of nutrients and electrolytes list
-amino acids
/glucose
-lipids
-Na, Ca , K , Cl
Functions of blood
1 transport - distribution of O2 ,CO2, nutrients and waste products to and from cell, excretory organs and site of synthesis or absorption
2 regulation - hormone distribution allowing distant organs to communicate
- distribution of heat regulating body temp
- maintain acid base and osmotic balance
3 protection - leukocytes fight infection
How are respiratory gases carried in blood
- O2 is bound to Fe on hemoglobin in RBC
- CO2 bound to Fe and also in plasma as solution as CO2 or HCO3-
Function of all plasma proteins
/buffer against pH changes
Erythrocytes function ?characteristics , range and adaptations
- small non-nucleated completely filled with hemoglobin
- biconcave and flexible
- terminally differentiated
- carry O2 to tissues via hemoglobin
- 3.9 - 5.5 million per mm3
Which blood cells doesn’t need to leave vasculature to function
RBC
What is rouleaux
-when RBC adhere loosely to each other in stacks in small vessels
% of macromolecules of RBC membrane
10 carbohydrates
40 lipid
50 proteins
Integral ion channels of RBC
Anion transporter Band 3 protein
Glycophorin A
Function of RBC glycosylated proteins
-their extra cellular domain forms a glycocalyx thats has antigen sites for ABO blood typing
What maintains cell shape of RBC
- has peripheral protein spectrin which forms a lattice bound to actin and ankyrin
- Which binds lattice to integral proteins
Function of spectrin and ankyrin structure
- maintain cell shape
- stabilize membrane
- provide flexibility to pass through small vessels
What forms basis of gas carrying characteristics of RBC
-reversibility of being able to bind with O2 ( oxyhemoglobin ) and with CO2 ( carbiminohemoglobin )
RBC has no nuclei and no mito
So !?
-can replace defective proteins
/rely on anaerobic glycolysis for energy needs
Life span of RBC and outcome when they expire
120 days
-removed form circulation by macrophages of liver and spleen and bone marrow
Leukocytes functions and divisions and criteria for divisions
-perform activities related to immune response
1 granulocytes
2 agranulocytes
-density / presence of cytoplasmic granules
Leukocytes structure and state in and out of vasculature
- spherical and inactive
- motile , ameboid and active
Diff between granulocytes and agranulocytes and the granules they have
-have 2 major cytoplasmic granules
1 azurophilic
2 lysosomal
-only has azurophilic granules
Divisions of granulocytes and agranulocytes
- basophils
- neutrophil
- eosinophil
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
How are leukocytes called to site of inflammation ( describe )
- activated macrophages release cytokines
- junctions Of endothelium Venule loosened and glycoprotein p-selectin appears on Lumen surface of endothelium
- leukocytes have glycosylated ligand for p-selectin they bind and slow down
- other cytokines stimulate leukocytes to express integrins to bind to endothelium ICAM-1 stopping them
- undergo diapedesis
Types of cytokines releases at inflammation site
- IL 1 ( inter leukin 1 )
- TNF alpha ( tumor necrosis factor alpha )
What is diapedesis
-when leukocytes extend cytoplasmic processes called pseudopodia through Venule and migrate out
What is chemotaxis and range of leukocytes
-attraction of leukocytes to bacteria through chemical mediators
4500 - 11 000 per mm3
Neutrophil % , size and nuclear lobing
- 50-70%
- 12-15um
- 3-5 distinct lobes
Which is the 1st leukocytes at site of inflammation
-neutrophil
How do neutrophils migrate quickly
-due to lobed elongated nuclei
Where do p-selectins come from
-exocytosis form Weibel-Palade bodies
Function of neutrophils
-phagocytosis of foreign invaders or their debris
Azurophilic granules characteristics, functions and components and enzymes they have
-large dense vesicles which kill and degrade phagocytosized micro organisms
1 MPO - myeloperoxide generates toxic hypochlorite to bacteria
2 lysozyme - degrades pathogen cell membrane
3 defensins- cysteine rich protein wc disrupts lemma
Specific granules characteristics, functions and components and enzymes they have
- smaller and less dense
- binds to stains
- secrete ecm degrading enzymes eg collagenases
- insert components into membrane
- addition of bactericidial proteins to phagolysosomes
Chemokines function, which cell releases
-they are released by neutrophils and attract other leukocytes
Neutrophils can live in low O2 conditions
So !?
-can kill bacteria in low oxygenated environments
Life span of neutrophils
1-4 days
Eosinophils %, size , lobe structure and stain color of specific granules
1-4% Of circulation leukocytes
- 12-15um
- bilobed nucleus
- stains dark pink or red
Structure and components of specific granules of eosinophil
- large and ovoid with flat crystalloid cores
- have major basic protein ( MBP ) 50% of granule
Characteristics and Functions of MBP
- arginine rich
- 50% of eosinophil specific granules
- makes cell acidophilic
- together with enzymes kills helminths
Function of eosinophil
- kills helminths
- modulate inflammation by releasing chemokines and cytokines
- removes antibody complexes from interstitial fluid by phagocytosis
Where is eosinophil abundant and their life span
-at sites of chronic inflammation and CT of intestinal lining
1-2 weeks
Basophili % , size , nucleus structure and specific granules staining color
<1%
- 12-15 um
- s shaped nucleus
-deep blue / purple staining color
Why do basophilis stain blue , components they secrete and their function
- due to heparin and sulfates gag’s
- platelet activation factor 4 and histamine
/supplement mast cells in CT
What’s on surface of basophil and what does it do
- receptor for immunoglobulin E
- releases granules after coming in contact with antigen
Lymphocytes nucleus structure, % and characteristics
- spherical nuclei
- no specific granules
- smallest leukocytes
- 1/3 of circulating leukocytes
Criteria for division of lymphocytes and the divisions and function of lymphocytes
-cluster of differentiation CD markers on surface
- B
- T ( helper CD4+ and cytotoxic CD8+ )
- NK natural killers
-have various activities relating to immune response against pathogens and defective cells
Where do leukocytes differentiate
- all outside bone marrow
- T in thymus
- B in marrow
Small lymphocytes size, structure
- same size as RBC
- spherical nuclei
- condensed chromatin
- thin rim of cytoplasm
Large lymphocytes size, structure and what they are
9-18 um
- are activated or NK lymphocytes
- larger slightly indented nuclei
- more cytoplasm
- few ribosomes, lysosomes and mitochondria
Monocytes function, structure , nuclei structure and size and %
- precursor to mononuclear phagocyte system
- all are antigen presenting cells
- large c shaped nucleus
- less condensed chromatin and poor developed ER and Golgi
- 12-15um
Platelets size, structure , range , function , where they originate and life span
- small 2-4 um
- non nucleated and membrane bound
- 150 000-400 000 per mm3
- originate from cytoplasmic ends of large polyploid bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes
- 10 days life span
Peripheral and central zones of platelets and their staining properties and their contents
- peripheral is hyalomere
- lightly staining
- less granules
-inner darker staining zone with more granules is called granulomere
Function of glycocalyx on platelets
- platelet adhesions
- activation during clot formation
Structure,location and function of marginal bundle in platelets
- has actin and microtubule
- maintain cells shape
- found in peripheral of cell in hyalomere
The 2 membrane channels of platelets, what they uptake and their functions
1 open canalicular system of vesicles connected to lemma invaginations
-facilitate uptake of factors from plasma
2 tubular system - less prominent derived form ER. Stores Ca2+
-facilitate rapid degranulation
What is degranulation and how does it occur
-release of proteins from platelets upon adhering to substrate outside vasculature endothelium
Types of granules in granulomere and what they store and where their storages come from
1 alpha granules - store platelet factor 4 and platelet derived growth factor ( PDGF ) from basophil
2 delta granules - store ATP, ADP and serotonin from plasma
Which granulomere granule is more dense, larger and most stained
-alpha granules
Function of blood clotting and list the steps
-control hemorrhaging
1 primary aggregation 2 secondary aggregation 3 blood coagulation 4 clot retraction 5 clot clot removal
Describe 1 and 2 aggregation
- rupture in vessel allows platelets glycocalyx to bind to endothelium basal lamina forming platelet plug
- platelet plug releases adhesive glycoproteins and ADP which induce further aggregation and increase plug size
Describe blood coagulation during clotting and the factors involved
-during aggregation fibrinogen from plasma, van willebrand factors, platelet factor 4 from platelet promote polymerization of fibrinogen into a 3D fibrin insoluble meshwork trapping RBC and more platelets forming blood clot
Function of platelet factor 4 and PDGF
- chemokines for monocytes, fibroblasts and neutrophils
- stimulates proliferation of fibroblast
Describe clot retraction and removal
- clot bulges into lumen and contracts due to platelet derived actin and myosin
- protected by clot endothelium is restored by new tissue and clot removed by plasmin
What is plasmin and how is it formed
/it is a proteolytic enzyme
-plasminogen from plasma interact with plasminogen activators from epithelium
Describe cause, symptoms and characteristics of anaemia
- condition of having conc of RBC below normal range
- tissue receive inadequate O2
- fatigue
- heart palpitations
- skin pallor
- reduces RBC synthesis due to iron deficiency
- excessive blood loss
Describe cause, symptoms and characteristics of sickle cell anaemia
-causes by substitution of a single nucleotide in gene leading to rigid protein structure with sickle cell shape and reduces flexibility
- increase blood viscosity puts strain on heart
- cells carry less O2 and thus inadequate O2 to tissue
Describe cause, symptoms and characteristics of erythrocytosis / polycythemia
- increase conc of RBC due to physiological adaptations
- high altitude low O2 tension increase hemocrit production
- increase blood viscosity leads to strain on heart