Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood

A

-specialized CT with formed elements ( erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets ) and a fluid ecm called plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Average blood in an adult , how it moves ,direction and what it moves it

A

-5 - 5.5L

  • propelled by rhythmic contractions of the heart
  • in a closed circulatory system
  • moves uni directionally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Components of blood and %

A
  • plasma 55%
  • erythrocytes 45%
  • Buffy coat <1%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is hemocrit

A

-entire erythrocyte concentration circulating in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Components of plasma and %

A
  • proteins 7%
  • water 92%
  • other solutes <1%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Components of Buffy coat

A
  • platelets

- leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Function of water in plasma

A

-solvent in which formed elements are suspended and proteins and solutes are dissolved in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Plasma proteins albumin and globulin , function , characteristics , where made and %

A

1 albumin 58%- contributes to blood viscosity

  • exerts osmotic balance to retain fluid
  • binds and transports fatty acids, hormones and electrolytes
  • most abundant plasma protein and made in liver

2 globulin 37% - alpha : transports lipids and metal ions

  • beta transports iron ions and lipids
  • gamma ( immunoglobulin ) are antibodies with immune functions / made by plasma cells
  • made in liver has transferrin ( transport factors )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Plasma proteins fibrinogen and regulatory , function , characteristics , where made and %

A

1 fibrinogen 4% - largest plasma protein

  • made in liver
  • polymerizes during clotting to form 3D insoluble meshwork trapping blood cells

2 regulatory <1% - has enzymes to complement inflammation and destruction of micro organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Plasma solutes , function , characteristics , where made and %

A

1 electrolytes - maintain pH and osmotic balance
-help establish and maintain membrane potentials

2 nutrients - energy source
-precursor for synthesis cells

3 respiratory gases - O2 needed for aerobic respiration
-CO2 waste gas from metabolism

4 waste products- no use but are being taken to excretory organs for removal from blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Components of nutrients and electrolytes list

A

-amino acids
/glucose
-lipids

-Na, Ca , K , Cl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Functions of blood

A

1 transport - distribution of O2 ,CO2, nutrients and waste products to and from cell, excretory organs and site of synthesis or absorption

2 regulation - hormone distribution allowing distant organs to communicate

  • distribution of heat regulating body temp
  • maintain acid base and osmotic balance

3 protection - leukocytes fight infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are respiratory gases carried in blood

A
  • O2 is bound to Fe on hemoglobin in RBC

- CO2 bound to Fe and also in plasma as solution as CO2 or HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Function of all plasma proteins

A

/buffer against pH changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Erythrocytes function ?characteristics , range and adaptations

A
  • small non-nucleated completely filled with hemoglobin
  • biconcave and flexible
  • terminally differentiated
  • carry O2 to tissues via hemoglobin
  • 3.9 - 5.5 million per mm3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which blood cells doesn’t need to leave vasculature to function

A

RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is rouleaux

A

-when RBC adhere loosely to each other in stacks in small vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

% of macromolecules of RBC membrane

A

10 carbohydrates
40 lipid
50 proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Integral ion channels of RBC

A

Anion transporter Band 3 protein

Glycophorin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Function of RBC glycosylated proteins

A

-their extra cellular domain forms a glycocalyx thats has antigen sites for ABO blood typing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What maintains cell shape of RBC

A
  • has peripheral protein spectrin which forms a lattice bound to actin and ankyrin
  • Which binds lattice to integral proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Function of spectrin and ankyrin structure

A
  • maintain cell shape
  • stabilize membrane
  • provide flexibility to pass through small vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What forms basis of gas carrying characteristics of RBC

A

-reversibility of being able to bind with O2 ( oxyhemoglobin ) and with CO2 ( carbiminohemoglobin )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

RBC has no nuclei and no mito

So !?

A

-can replace defective proteins

/rely on anaerobic glycolysis for energy needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Life span of RBC and outcome when they expire

A

120 days

-removed form circulation by macrophages of liver and spleen and bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Leukocytes functions and divisions and criteria for divisions

A

-perform activities related to immune response

1 granulocytes
2 agranulocytes

-density / presence of cytoplasmic granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Leukocytes structure and state in and out of vasculature

A
  • spherical and inactive

- motile , ameboid and active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Diff between granulocytes and agranulocytes and the granules they have

A

-have 2 major cytoplasmic granules
1 azurophilic
2 lysosomal

-only has azurophilic granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Divisions of granulocytes and agranulocytes

A
  • basophils
  • neutrophil
  • eosinophil
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How are leukocytes called to site of inflammation ( describe )

A
  • activated macrophages release cytokines
  • junctions Of endothelium Venule loosened and glycoprotein p-selectin appears on Lumen surface of endothelium
  • leukocytes have glycosylated ligand for p-selectin they bind and slow down
  • other cytokines stimulate leukocytes to express integrins to bind to endothelium ICAM-1 stopping them
  • undergo diapedesis
31
Q

Types of cytokines releases at inflammation site

A
  • IL 1 ( inter leukin 1 )

- TNF alpha ( tumor necrosis factor alpha )

32
Q

What is diapedesis

A

-when leukocytes extend cytoplasmic processes called pseudopodia through Venule and migrate out

33
Q

What is chemotaxis and range of leukocytes

A

-attraction of leukocytes to bacteria through chemical mediators

4500 - 11 000 per mm3

34
Q

Neutrophil % , size and nuclear lobing

A
  • 50-70%
  • 12-15um
  • 3-5 distinct lobes
35
Q

Which is the 1st leukocytes at site of inflammation

A

-neutrophil

36
Q

How do neutrophils migrate quickly

A

-due to lobed elongated nuclei

37
Q

Where do p-selectins come from

A

-exocytosis form Weibel-Palade bodies

38
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

-phagocytosis of foreign invaders or their debris

39
Q

Azurophilic granules characteristics, functions and components and enzymes they have

A

-large dense vesicles which kill and degrade phagocytosized micro organisms

1 MPO - myeloperoxide generates toxic hypochlorite to bacteria

2 lysozyme - degrades pathogen cell membrane

3 defensins- cysteine rich protein wc disrupts lemma

40
Q

Specific granules characteristics, functions and components and enzymes they have

A
  • smaller and less dense
  • binds to stains
  • secrete ecm degrading enzymes eg collagenases
  • insert components into membrane
  • addition of bactericidial proteins to phagolysosomes
41
Q

Chemokines function, which cell releases

A

-they are released by neutrophils and attract other leukocytes

42
Q

Neutrophils can live in low O2 conditions

So !?

A

-can kill bacteria in low oxygenated environments

43
Q

Life span of neutrophils

A

1-4 days

44
Q

Eosinophils %, size , lobe structure and stain color of specific granules

A

1-4% Of circulation leukocytes

  • 12-15um
  • bilobed nucleus
  • stains dark pink or red
45
Q

Structure and components of specific granules of eosinophil

A
  • large and ovoid with flat crystalloid cores

- have major basic protein ( MBP ) 50% of granule

46
Q

Characteristics and Functions of MBP

A
  • arginine rich
  • 50% of eosinophil specific granules
  • makes cell acidophilic
  • together with enzymes kills helminths
47
Q

Function of eosinophil

A
  • kills helminths
  • modulate inflammation by releasing chemokines and cytokines
  • removes antibody complexes from interstitial fluid by phagocytosis
48
Q

Where is eosinophil abundant and their life span

A

-at sites of chronic inflammation and CT of intestinal lining

1-2 weeks

49
Q

Basophili % , size , nucleus structure and specific granules staining color

A

<1%

  • 12-15 um
  • s shaped nucleus

-deep blue / purple staining color

50
Q

Why do basophilis stain blue , components they secrete and their function

A
  • due to heparin and sulfates gag’s
  • platelet activation factor 4 and histamine

/supplement mast cells in CT

51
Q

What’s on surface of basophil and what does it do

A
  • receptor for immunoglobulin E

- releases granules after coming in contact with antigen

52
Q

Lymphocytes nucleus structure, % and characteristics

A
  • spherical nuclei
  • no specific granules
  • smallest leukocytes
  • 1/3 of circulating leukocytes
53
Q

Criteria for division of lymphocytes and the divisions and function of lymphocytes

A

-cluster of differentiation CD markers on surface

  • B
  • T ( helper CD4+ and cytotoxic CD8+ )
  • NK natural killers

-have various activities relating to immune response against pathogens and defective cells

54
Q

Where do leukocytes differentiate

A
  • all outside bone marrow
  • T in thymus
  • B in marrow
55
Q

Small lymphocytes size, structure

A
  • same size as RBC
  • spherical nuclei
  • condensed chromatin
  • thin rim of cytoplasm
56
Q

Large lymphocytes size, structure and what they are

A

9-18 um

  • are activated or NK lymphocytes
  • larger slightly indented nuclei
  • more cytoplasm
  • few ribosomes, lysosomes and mitochondria
57
Q

Monocytes function, structure , nuclei structure and size and %

A
  • precursor to mononuclear phagocyte system
  • all are antigen presenting cells
  • large c shaped nucleus
  • less condensed chromatin and poor developed ER and Golgi
  • 12-15um
58
Q

Platelets size, structure , range , function , where they originate and life span

A
  • small 2-4 um
  • non nucleated and membrane bound
  • 150 000-400 000 per mm3
  • originate from cytoplasmic ends of large polyploid bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes
  • 10 days life span
59
Q

Peripheral and central zones of platelets and their staining properties and their contents

A
  • peripheral is hyalomere
  • lightly staining
  • less granules

-inner darker staining zone with more granules is called granulomere

60
Q

Function of glycocalyx on platelets

A
  • platelet adhesions

- activation during clot formation

61
Q

Structure,location and function of marginal bundle in platelets

A
  • has actin and microtubule
  • maintain cells shape
  • found in peripheral of cell in hyalomere
62
Q

The 2 membrane channels of platelets, what they uptake and their functions

A

1 open canalicular system of vesicles connected to lemma invaginations
-facilitate uptake of factors from plasma

2 tubular system - less prominent derived form ER. Stores Ca2+

-facilitate rapid degranulation

63
Q

What is degranulation and how does it occur

A

-release of proteins from platelets upon adhering to substrate outside vasculature endothelium

64
Q

Types of granules in granulomere and what they store and where their storages come from

A

1 alpha granules - store platelet factor 4 and platelet derived growth factor ( PDGF ) from basophil

2 delta granules - store ATP, ADP and serotonin from plasma

65
Q

Which granulomere granule is more dense, larger and most stained

A

-alpha granules

66
Q

Function of blood clotting and list the steps

A

-control hemorrhaging

1 primary aggregation 
2 secondary aggregation 
3 blood coagulation 
4 clot retraction 
5 clot clot removal
67
Q

Describe 1 and 2 aggregation

A
  • rupture in vessel allows platelets glycocalyx to bind to endothelium basal lamina forming platelet plug
  • platelet plug releases adhesive glycoproteins and ADP which induce further aggregation and increase plug size
68
Q

Describe blood coagulation during clotting and the factors involved

A

-during aggregation fibrinogen from plasma, van willebrand factors, platelet factor 4 from platelet promote polymerization of fibrinogen into a 3D fibrin insoluble meshwork trapping RBC and more platelets forming blood clot

69
Q

Function of platelet factor 4 and PDGF

A
  • chemokines for monocytes, fibroblasts and neutrophils

- stimulates proliferation of fibroblast

70
Q

Describe clot retraction and removal

A
  • clot bulges into lumen and contracts due to platelet derived actin and myosin
  • protected by clot endothelium is restored by new tissue and clot removed by plasmin
71
Q

What is plasmin and how is it formed

A

/it is a proteolytic enzyme

-plasminogen from plasma interact with plasminogen activators from epithelium

72
Q

Describe cause, symptoms and characteristics of anaemia

A
  • condition of having conc of RBC below normal range
  • tissue receive inadequate O2
  • fatigue
  • heart palpitations
  • skin pallor
  • reduces RBC synthesis due to iron deficiency
  • excessive blood loss
73
Q

Describe cause, symptoms and characteristics of sickle cell anaemia

A

-causes by substitution of a single nucleotide in gene leading to rigid protein structure with sickle cell shape and reduces flexibility

  • increase blood viscosity puts strain on heart
  • cells carry less O2 and thus inadequate O2 to tissue
74
Q

Describe cause, symptoms and characteristics of erythrocytosis / polycythemia

A
  • increase conc of RBC due to physiological adaptations
  • high altitude low O2 tension increase hemocrit production
  • increase blood viscosity leads to strain on heart

Anatomy (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions