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Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood

A

-specialized CT with formed elements ( erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets ) and a fluid ecm called plasma

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2
Q

Average blood in an adult , how it moves ,direction and what it moves it

A

-5 - 5.5L

  • propelled by rhythmic contractions of the heart
  • in a closed circulatory system
  • moves uni directionally
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3
Q

Components of blood and %

A
  • plasma 55%
  • erythrocytes 45%
  • Buffy coat <1%
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4
Q

What is hemocrit

A

-entire erythrocyte concentration circulating in blood

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5
Q

Components of plasma and %

A
  • proteins 7%
  • water 92%
  • other solutes <1%
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6
Q

Components of Buffy coat

A
  • platelets

- leukocytes

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7
Q

Function of water in plasma

A

-solvent in which formed elements are suspended and proteins and solutes are dissolved in

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8
Q

Plasma proteins albumin and globulin , function , characteristics , where made and %

A

1 albumin 58%- contributes to blood viscosity

  • exerts osmotic balance to retain fluid
  • binds and transports fatty acids, hormones and electrolytes
  • most abundant plasma protein and made in liver

2 globulin 37% - alpha : transports lipids and metal ions

  • beta transports iron ions and lipids
  • gamma ( immunoglobulin ) are antibodies with immune functions / made by plasma cells
  • made in liver has transferrin ( transport factors )
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9
Q

Plasma proteins fibrinogen and regulatory , function , characteristics , where made and %

A

1 fibrinogen 4% - largest plasma protein

  • made in liver
  • polymerizes during clotting to form 3D insoluble meshwork trapping blood cells

2 regulatory <1% - has enzymes to complement inflammation and destruction of micro organisms

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10
Q

Plasma solutes , function , characteristics , where made and %

A

1 electrolytes - maintain pH and osmotic balance
-help establish and maintain membrane potentials

2 nutrients - energy source
-precursor for synthesis cells

3 respiratory gases - O2 needed for aerobic respiration
-CO2 waste gas from metabolism

4 waste products- no use but are being taken to excretory organs for removal from blood

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11
Q

Components of nutrients and electrolytes list

A

-amino acids
/glucose
-lipids

-Na, Ca , K , Cl

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12
Q

Functions of blood

A

1 transport - distribution of O2 ,CO2, nutrients and waste products to and from cell, excretory organs and site of synthesis or absorption

2 regulation - hormone distribution allowing distant organs to communicate

  • distribution of heat regulating body temp
  • maintain acid base and osmotic balance

3 protection - leukocytes fight infection

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13
Q

How are respiratory gases carried in blood

A
  • O2 is bound to Fe on hemoglobin in RBC

- CO2 bound to Fe and also in plasma as solution as CO2 or HCO3-

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14
Q

Function of all plasma proteins

A

/buffer against pH changes

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15
Q

Erythrocytes function ?characteristics , range and adaptations

A
  • small non-nucleated completely filled with hemoglobin
  • biconcave and flexible
  • terminally differentiated
  • carry O2 to tissues via hemoglobin
  • 3.9 - 5.5 million per mm3
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16
Q

Which blood cells doesn’t need to leave vasculature to function

A

RBC

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17
Q

What is rouleaux

A

-when RBC adhere loosely to each other in stacks in small vessels

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18
Q

% of macromolecules of RBC membrane

A

10 carbohydrates
40 lipid
50 proteins

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19
Q

Integral ion channels of RBC

A

Anion transporter Band 3 protein

Glycophorin A

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20
Q

Function of RBC glycosylated proteins

A

-their extra cellular domain forms a glycocalyx thats has antigen sites for ABO blood typing

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21
Q

What maintains cell shape of RBC

A
  • has peripheral protein spectrin which forms a lattice bound to actin and ankyrin
  • Which binds lattice to integral proteins
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22
Q

Function of spectrin and ankyrin structure

A
  • maintain cell shape
  • stabilize membrane
  • provide flexibility to pass through small vessels
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23
Q

What forms basis of gas carrying characteristics of RBC

A

-reversibility of being able to bind with O2 ( oxyhemoglobin ) and with CO2 ( carbiminohemoglobin )

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24
Q

RBC has no nuclei and no mito

So !?

A

-can replace defective proteins

/rely on anaerobic glycolysis for energy needs

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25
Life span of RBC and outcome when they expire
120 days | -removed form circulation by macrophages of liver and spleen and bone marrow
26
Leukocytes functions and divisions and criteria for divisions
-perform activities related to immune response 1 granulocytes 2 agranulocytes -density / presence of cytoplasmic granules
27
Leukocytes structure and state in and out of vasculature
- spherical and inactive | - motile , ameboid and active
28
Diff between granulocytes and agranulocytes and the granules they have
-have 2 major cytoplasmic granules 1 azurophilic 2 lysosomal -only has azurophilic granules
29
Divisions of granulocytes and agranulocytes
- basophils - neutrophil - eosinophil - monocytes - lymphocytes
30
How are leukocytes called to site of inflammation ( describe )
- activated macrophages release cytokines - junctions Of endothelium Venule loosened and glycoprotein p-selectin appears on Lumen surface of endothelium - leukocytes have glycosylated ligand for p-selectin they bind and slow down - other cytokines stimulate leukocytes to express integrins to bind to endothelium ICAM-1 stopping them - undergo diapedesis
31
Types of cytokines releases at inflammation site
- IL 1 ( inter leukin 1 ) | - TNF alpha ( tumor necrosis factor alpha )
32
What is diapedesis
-when leukocytes extend cytoplasmic processes called pseudopodia through Venule and migrate out
33
What is chemotaxis and range of leukocytes
-attraction of leukocytes to bacteria through chemical mediators 4500 - 11 000 per mm3
34
Neutrophil % , size and nuclear lobing
- 50-70% - 12-15um - 3-5 distinct lobes
35
Which is the 1st leukocytes at site of inflammation
-neutrophil
36
How do neutrophils migrate quickly
-due to lobed elongated nuclei
37
Where do p-selectins come from
-exocytosis form Weibel-Palade bodies
38
Function of neutrophils
-phagocytosis of foreign invaders or their debris
39
Azurophilic granules characteristics, functions and components and enzymes they have
-large dense vesicles which kill and degrade phagocytosized micro organisms 1 MPO - myeloperoxide generates toxic hypochlorite to bacteria 2 lysozyme - degrades pathogen cell membrane 3 defensins- cysteine rich protein wc disrupts lemma
40
Specific granules characteristics, functions and components and enzymes they have
- smaller and less dense - binds to stains - secrete ecm degrading enzymes eg collagenases - insert components into membrane - addition of bactericidial proteins to phagolysosomes
41
Chemokines function, which cell releases
-they are released by neutrophils and attract other leukocytes
42
Neutrophils can live in low O2 conditions So !?
-can kill bacteria in low oxygenated environments
43
Life span of neutrophils
1-4 days
44
Eosinophils %, size , lobe structure and stain color of specific granules
1-4% Of circulation leukocytes - 12-15um - bilobed nucleus - stains dark pink or red
45
Structure and components of specific granules of eosinophil
- large and ovoid with flat crystalloid cores | - have major basic protein ( MBP ) 50% of granule
46
Characteristics and Functions of MBP
- arginine rich - 50% of eosinophil specific granules - makes cell acidophilic - together with enzymes kills helminths
47
Function of eosinophil
- kills helminths - modulate inflammation by releasing chemokines and cytokines - removes antibody complexes from interstitial fluid by phagocytosis
48
Where is eosinophil abundant and their life span
-at sites of chronic inflammation and CT of intestinal lining 1-2 weeks
49
Basophili % , size , nucleus structure and specific granules staining color
<1% - 12-15 um - s shaped nucleus -deep blue / purple staining color
50
Why do basophilis stain blue , components they secrete and their function
- due to heparin and sulfates gag’s - platelet activation factor 4 and histamine /supplement mast cells in CT
51
What’s on surface of basophil and what does it do
- receptor for immunoglobulin E | - releases granules after coming in contact with antigen
52
Lymphocytes nucleus structure, % and characteristics
- spherical nuclei - no specific granules - smallest leukocytes - 1/3 of circulating leukocytes
53
Criteria for division of lymphocytes and the divisions and function of lymphocytes
-cluster of differentiation CD markers on surface - B - T ( helper CD4+ and cytotoxic CD8+ ) - NK natural killers -have various activities relating to immune response against pathogens and defective cells
54
Where do leukocytes differentiate
- all outside bone marrow - T in thymus - B in marrow
55
Small lymphocytes size, structure
- same size as RBC - spherical nuclei - condensed chromatin - thin rim of cytoplasm
56
Large lymphocytes size, structure and what they are
9-18 um - are activated or NK lymphocytes - larger slightly indented nuclei - more cytoplasm - few ribosomes, lysosomes and mitochondria
57
Monocytes function, structure , nuclei structure and size and %
- precursor to mononuclear phagocyte system - all are antigen presenting cells - large c shaped nucleus - less condensed chromatin and poor developed ER and Golgi - 12-15um
58
Platelets size, structure , range , function , where they originate and life span
- small 2-4 um - non nucleated and membrane bound - 150 000-400 000 per mm3 - originate from cytoplasmic ends of large polyploid bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes - 10 days life span
59
Peripheral and central zones of platelets and their staining properties and their contents
- peripheral is hyalomere - lightly staining - less granules -inner darker staining zone with more granules is called granulomere
60
Function of glycocalyx on platelets
- platelet adhesions | - activation during clot formation
61
Structure,location and function of marginal bundle in platelets
- has actin and microtubule - maintain cells shape - found in peripheral of cell in hyalomere
62
The 2 membrane channels of platelets, what they uptake and their functions
1 open canalicular system of vesicles connected to lemma invaginations -facilitate uptake of factors from plasma 2 tubular system - less prominent derived form ER. Stores Ca2+ -facilitate rapid degranulation
63
What is degranulation and how does it occur
-release of proteins from platelets upon adhering to substrate outside vasculature endothelium
64
Types of granules in granulomere and what they store and where their storages come from
1 alpha granules - store platelet factor 4 and platelet derived growth factor ( PDGF ) from basophil 2 delta granules - store ATP, ADP and serotonin from plasma
65
Which granulomere granule is more dense, larger and most stained
-alpha granules
66
Function of blood clotting and list the steps
-control hemorrhaging ``` 1 primary aggregation 2 secondary aggregation 3 blood coagulation 4 clot retraction 5 clot clot removal ```
67
Describe 1 and 2 aggregation
- rupture in vessel allows platelets glycocalyx to bind to endothelium basal lamina forming platelet plug - platelet plug releases adhesive glycoproteins and ADP which induce further aggregation and increase plug size
68
Describe blood coagulation during clotting and the factors involved
-during aggregation fibrinogen from plasma, van willebrand factors, platelet factor 4 from platelet promote polymerization of fibrinogen into a 3D fibrin insoluble meshwork trapping RBC and more platelets forming blood clot
69
Function of platelet factor 4 and PDGF
- chemokines for monocytes, fibroblasts and neutrophils | - stimulates proliferation of fibroblast
70
Describe clot retraction and removal
- clot bulges into lumen and contracts due to platelet derived actin and myosin - protected by clot endothelium is restored by new tissue and clot removed by plasmin
71
What is plasmin and how is it formed
/it is a proteolytic enzyme -plasminogen from plasma interact with plasminogen activators from epithelium
72
Describe cause, symptoms and characteristics of anaemia
- condition of having conc of RBC below normal range - tissue receive inadequate O2 - fatigue - heart palpitations - skin pallor - reduces RBC synthesis due to iron deficiency - excessive blood loss
73
Describe cause, symptoms and characteristics of sickle cell anaemia
-causes by substitution of a single nucleotide in gene leading to rigid protein structure with sickle cell shape and reduces flexibility - increase blood viscosity puts strain on heart - cells carry less O2 and thus inadequate O2 to tissue
74
Describe cause, symptoms and characteristics of erythrocytosis / polycythemia
- increase conc of RBC due to physiological adaptations - high altitude low O2 tension increase hemocrit production - increase blood viscosity leads to strain on heart

Anatomy (15 decks)

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