Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the system

What does it include

A
  • pumps blood and contents to all cells for metabolite exchange and immune response
  • cardiovascular and lymphatic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the components of the cardiovascular system and what they do generally

A

1 heart - has 4 chambers to receive blood and pump blood

2 arteries - efferent to the blood. Transports blood away from heart

3 capillaries- responsible for metabolite exchange between tissue and blood

4 veins - afferent to blood and carries blood back to heart for pumping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List and describe the 2 major systems of the cardiovascular system

List the basic blood flow pattern

A

1 pulmonary - pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation

2 systematic- pumps oxygenated blood to the body

-right atrium / right ventricle / lungs / left atrium / left ventricle / body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is internal surface of blood and lymph system lined with

And it’s function the lining

A

/simple squamous epithelium called endothelium

1 semi permeable for metabolite exchange
2 controls where exudate enters CT
3 antithryombogenic barrier
4 secret of factors for growth of other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function of the heart and properties

What supplies heart with nutrients

A
  • rhythmic contractions to pump blood into the cardiovascular vessels
  • has 4 chambers
  • is auto-rhythmic

-coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List the 3 layers of the heart muscle

A

1 endocardium
2 myocardium
3 epicardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the endocardium structure , function

A
  • thin inner layer of endothelium with CT.
  • middle layer of smooth muscle called myoelastic
  • subendocardial outer layer of CT which merges with myocardial layer
  • subendocardial layer has modified cardiac fibers part of hearts impulse conducting system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe myocardial layer structure and function

A
  • thickest middle layer of heart muscle

- around each chamber spirally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are ventricle myocardial thicker than atria ones

A

-a lot of force is required to pump blood as compared to receiving it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe epicardium structure and function

A
  • outer layer of endothelium and CT with blood vessels and nerves for the Heart
  • continuous with outer covering of heart called Pericardium
  • it’s adipose cushions underlying structures during movement
  • fluid of pericardial mesothelium prevent friction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List all parts of the heart

A
  • atrium
  • ventricle
  • sinoatrial node
  • internodal pathways
  • atrioventricular node
  • valve cusps
  • papillary muscle
  • atrioventricular bundle ( Bundle of His )
  • interventricular septum
  • purikinje fibers
  • chordae tendinae
  • valve flaps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe heart valves
How anchored In heart

Function of chordae tendinae

A
  • flaps of CT anchored in the CT of the heart
  • has chordae tendinae that extend from cusp to papillary muscle

-prevent valve from turning inside out during ventricle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe impulse structures from AV node to apex of heart

A
  • AV continuous with His bundle which gives rise to right and left bundles that run in interventricular septum
  • run to apex of heart and divide into purkinje fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe structure and function of cardiac skeleton

A

-dense fibrous irregular CT which 1 makes interventricular septum
2 surrounds all valves and extend to valve cusp and chordae tendinae
3 provide insertion joint for cardiac muscle
4 provide electrical insulation between atria and ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe structure, location and function of impulse system from SA nodes to purkinje fibers

A

—SA node is modified muscle fibers. Impulse initiated here and move along myocardial of both atria along internodal pathway

  • stimuli reaches AV node and this propagates along His bundle to purkinje bundle
  • purkinje have fewer myofibrills and much glycogen and stimulate both atrium and ventricles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What innervates the heart and it’s effects

Where are their ganglia found

A
  • parasympathetic ( slows down )and sympathetic ( speeds up )system
  • near SA and AV nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does angina pectoris come about

A

-free afferent fibers between myocardium fibers register pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do walls of vasculature have

What determines the amount and arrangement

A
  • endothelial and smooth muscle in veins and arteries
  • only endothelial in capillaries

-mechanical and metabolic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Endothelial function

A
  • semi permeable barrier facilitating exchange of metabolites between tissue and blood
  • control where exudate is released ( immune roles )
  • secrete factors which influence growth of other cells
  • modulate blood flow by release of factors such as endothelin 1 , prostacyclin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why doesn’t endothelial clot

A

-due to release of anticoagulants such as heparin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does VEGF do and how does it do it

A
  • vascular endothelial growth factors stimulate vascular formation from mesoderm ( vasculogenensis )
  • Maintain adult capillaries
  • stimulate sprouting of already existing capillaries ( angiogenesis )

-endothelial recruits smooth muscle and fibroblasts to form vascular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is smooth muscle present and it’s structure

Why do arteries have gap junctions

A
  • in vessels larger than capillaries

- to modulate blood flow via vasoconstriction and vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where elastic fibers present, why and in what structure

A
  • in arteries to allow the vessels to expand under pressure

- as lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is tunics and. And them

A

-concentric layers of CT of vessels

1 initima
2 media
3 adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Size of lumen and media of arteries and veins

A
  • narrow and thick media

- large lumen and thin media

26
Q

Describe the initima structure and function ( in veins and arteries )

A
  • endothelial and thin subendocardial layer of CT

- arteries have internal elastic lamina which have holes to allow better diffusion from blood to deeper wall

27
Q

Describe the media structure and function ( in veins and arteries )

A

-middle layer of concentric layers of smooth muscle which secrets ground substance , elastic reticular fibers
/thicker in arteries and has external elastic lamina
-thinner in veins and no lamina

28
Q

Describe the adventitia structure and function ( in veins and arteries )

A

-CT of collagen 1 and elastic fibers continuous with and bound to stroma of organ wc it runs through
-has vaso vasorum
/has unmyelinated nerves ( vasomotor nerves )
-thicker in vein than artery

29
Q

Function of vaso vasorum and why necessary

A

/supplies vessels with exchange of metabolites

-lumen blood isn’t enough for the vessels especially in veins with deoxygenated blood

30
Q

Elastic arteries examples , alias , function and describe the structures of its media, adventitia and elastic lamina

A
  • aortic and pulmonary artery and their branches
  • conducting arteries
  • carries blood to smaller arteries
  • thick media of alternating smooth muscle and elastic lamellae
  • adventitia thin
  • internal lamina more developed than external
31
Q

Function of internal lamina in elastic arteries

A

-to ensure uniform flow of blood

32
Q

Describe state of elastic artery at systole and diastole

A
  • ventricle contracts , blood forcefully moved into artery’s which stretch to limit of collagen
  • pressure drops but elastic rebound is passive to maintain arterial pressure to continue flow of blood away from heart
33
Q

Describe structure of carotid sinuses and where found

Function

State of tunic media and why

A

-slight dilations of the bilateral internal carotid where they branch from common carotid arteries

/baroreceptor for blood pressure

-tunice media thinner allowing greater swelling when pressure rises

34
Q

Structure of adventitia of carotid sinuses

How do the sinuses control pressure

A
  • has numerous nerve endings from nerve IX endings ( glossophranygeal nerve )
  • brain vasomotors centers process afferent impulses from baroreceptors and adjust vasoconstriction controlling BP
35
Q

Where does the Vegas nerve gets it signals from

What do chemoreceptors do. Where found

A
  • baroreceptors from aortic arch

- monitor O2 and C02 and pH blood levels. Carotid bodies and aortic bodies

36
Q

How do chemoreceptors work and the other structures aiding

A

-when there is acidosis, hypoxia or Hypercarpnia glomulus cells release neurotransmitters into nerve IX and signal brain to initiate adjustments

37
Q

Function of muscular arteries

Where is external lamina found

Describe structure of tunics of muscular arteries

A
  • distribute blood to organs
  • modulate flow by contracting or relaxing smooth muscles

/in large arteries only

-thin subendocardial and prominent internal lamina. Adventitia has vaso vasorum which penetrates to base of media

38
Q

What are arterioles

What do they indicate

Describe the structure of the media and adventitia and what they form

A
  • branches of muscular arteries only 2-4 media cells thick
  • beginning Of micro vasculature

/thin adventitia and media. Branch to form anastomose capillaries

39
Q

Function of sphincters at ends of arterioles

Why are arterioles major sites of systematic blood pressure

A
  • to Modulate flow into capillaries
  • resistance to passive stretching keeps arterioles partially closed resisting blood flow making the vessels major determinants systematical blood pressure
40
Q

Describe structure of thermoregulation vessels ( how formed ) and structures that aid in their function

A
  • arterioels do not branch into capillaries but join direct to venues
  • have thicker media and adventitia in the atrioventricular shunts and rich ANS nerves to control vasoconstriction
41
Q

Describe portal veins and function

A
  • blood flows thru 2 capillary beds separated by portal vein
  • allows for metabolites absorbed in bed 1 are properly delivered to cells in bed 2 before going to heart for general distribution
42
Q

Function of capillary beds

Function of metartioles where coming from and what connected to and how

A

-permit and regulate metabolic exchange between blood and tissue

  • supply capillary beds, branching from arteriole
  • connected to post capillary thru throughfare channel
43
Q

How do capillaries from metarterioles

What encircles the capillaries after branching and its function and how it does it job

A

/branch from met-arterioles
-smooth muscle ( precapillary sphincter )

-control blood flow into capillary by cyclically causing blood to flow in a pulsatile manner

44
Q

What happens when sphincter closed

Why is a few blood in capillary

How are capillaries specialized for their function

A
  • blood flows direct to post capillary venule
  • due to sphincters
  • thin walls , extensive surface , pulsatile flow
45
Q

Why endothelial nuclei curved

Listh the 3 types of capillaries

A

/to accommodate small tubular structure

1 continuous
2 fenestrations
3 sinusoids

46
Q

Describe continuous capillary structure , function and where found

A

-numerous tight junctions
/overlapping cells for continuity
-for controlled exchange of metabolites via diffusion and transcytosis only

/muscle CT ,

47
Q

Describe fenestrations capillary structure , function and where found

A
  • sieve like structure on cells covered by thing glycoprotein coat
  • allow more extensive exchange
  • Basement membrane continuous

-kidney

48
Q

Describe sinusoid capillary structure , function and where found

A
  • permit maximal exchange
  • large gaps on cells and no covering
  • irregular cell clefts and discontinuous membrane
  • large lumen so slow flow

-bone Marrow

49
Q

Describe pericytes function , structure , where found and origin

A
  • secrete ecm and BL wc fuses with endothelial
  • have contractile apparatus to constrict and modulate flow
  • proliferate and diff into vascular components during trauma
  • long cyto processes
  • surround continuous epi
  • mesenchyme origins
50
Q

Describe structure of post capillary Venule

Venule function

A

/similar to capillaries but larger lumen and has smooth muscle layers

  • return blood to heart
  • site of exudate diapedesis
51
Q

How is muscular veins formed

Describe cell wall and lumen ratio

A

/joining of post capillary veins and aquire tunica

-large lumen compared to wall

52
Q

How is blood moved through veins

Where are small and medium veins found

Describe tunice structure of small and medium veins

A

-smooth muscle Media and external muscle contractions
/parallel to muscular artery

-thin intima and media. Thick adventitia

53
Q

Describe structure of large veins and where found

A

/parallel to elastic artery near heart

-thin media and thick adventitia

54
Q

Which veins have valves. Their structure and function

A
  • large and medium
  • thin parallel folds of initima projecting into lumen
  • ensure unidirectional flow of blood
55
Q

Structure and function of lymphatic capillaries

Where isn’t lymphatic system found

A

/thin walled endothelial which collect excess interstitial fluid from tissue as lymph no blood
-transports of immune cells

-CNS and bone marrow

56
Q

How is lymphatic vessels collapse prevented

Are tight junctions present
How is the basal membrane like

How does fluid enter lymph system

A

-anchoring fibrils extend to vessels and to CT

/no tight junction
-discontinuous

-Through diffusion and transcytosis

57
Q

How are valves formed in lymph system

How is fluid propelled in lymphatic vessels

Tunics structure of lymphatic vessels

A

-some adjacent endothelial doesn’t have hemidesmosomes joining them to BL and so extend inward forming valves

/external tissue compressions

-no distinguish tunics

58
Q

Where are lymph nodes found and function

A
  • interposed in path of lymph vessels

- to process lymph by immune cells

59
Q

What do lymph vessels eventually join into

A

-2 large trunks thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

60
Q

Where do the 2 lymph trunks join blood system

A
  • thoracic at junction of the internal jugular vein with the left subclavian vein
  • right lymphatic duct near confluence of right subclavian vein and internal jugular vein

Anatomy (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions