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Anatomy > Primary Tissue 3 : Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Primary Tissue 3 : Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is nervous tissue

A

-a primary tissue with cells called neurons capable of processing stimuli and generating responses and has support support cells called glial

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2
Q

What is the nervous system and its Divisions

A

-an integrated communication system of the body

  • central nervous system
  • peripheral nervous system
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3
Q

Function of nervous system

A

-to respond to stimuli

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4
Q

How do all cells respond to stimuli

A

-by changing potential gradient across their membranes

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5
Q

Development of nervous system

A
  • develops in outermost embryonic layer called ectoderm
  • inductive is influence from underlying axial structure ( notochord ) thickness overlying ectodermal cells as a bending neural plate
  • folds of plate extend and fuse forming neural tube
  • before tube detaches from overlying ectoderm crest cells detach and form mass of mesenchymal cells
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6
Q

What is neurulation, components of neural plate and what happens to none induced ectoderm cells

A
  • process of forming CNS and PNS cells
  • groove, crest and folds
  • become epidermis
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7
Q

What does tube and mass of crest mesenchymal cells give rise to

A
  • tube gives rise to entire CNS

- crest cells give rise to PNS

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8
Q

When does nuerulation begin

A

3rd week of development

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9
Q

General organization of nervous system

A

1 sensory ( afferent)
/somatic - conscious input
/visceral- unconscious input

2 motor ( efferent )
/somatic - voluntary motor outputs 
/autonomic - involuntary responses
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10
Q

2 divisions of ANS describe where found and function

A

1 parasympathetic - maintains normal body homeostasis
/ganglia within or near effector organ

2 sympathetic - controls bodies responses during excitement or emergence
/ganglia near CNS

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11
Q

Autonomic motor nerves have pathways with 2 neurons which are !?

A

1 pre-ganglionic
/soma in CNS

2 post-ganglionic
/soma in ganglion

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12
Q

Function of soma / perikaryon

A
  • synthesis center or cell for neurotransmitters
  • produces cyto for the cell
  • in contact with nerve endings of other neurons
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13
Q

Characteristics of neuron soma

A

-well developed synthesis machinery for secretion and addition into cytoskeleton

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14
Q

What are nissil bodies / chromatophilic substances and where abundant

A

-basophilic regions in neuron soma with high conc of rER and polysomes

/in large neurons such as motor neurons

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15
Q

What is neuron intermediate filaments made of and what do they make

A

-neurofilament ( and they make up neurofibrils )

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16
Q

Describe dendrite structure and function

A
  • short branching process extend from soma of neuron

- specialized to receive nerve impulses

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17
Q

Where do synapses on dendrites occur and describe it

A
  • on dendritic spines

- dynamic membrane protrusions

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18
Q

Describe axon structure and function

A

/1 long fine process specialized to generate and transmit nerve impulses to other cells or neurons

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19
Q

Membrane and cytoplasm name of axon

A
  • axolemma

- axoplasm

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20
Q

Where does the axon originate from

A

-from a pyramid shaped region of soma called axon hillock

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21
Q

What is beyond hillock and what does it do

A

-ion Channels to generate nerve impulses

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22
Q

What is arborizations and what does axon branch into !?

A
  • tree like branching of neuron processes

- telondria then synoptic knob

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23
Q

What is terminal bouton

A

/dilations at the end of axon branches that end at synapses

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24
Q

Function of kinesins and Dynenins in neurons

A

/carry vesicles with neurotransmitters from soma to axon

/carry endocytized substances such as bacteria from axon to soma

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25
Q

Classification of neurons and types

A

1 based on number of processes

  • multipolar
  • unipolar / pseudounipolar
  • bipolar
  • anaxonic

2 based on direction of propagation

  • sensory
  • internuerons
  • motor
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26
Q

Location of soma and axons In CNS and PNS

A

CNS

  • soma In grey matter
  • axons In white matter

PNS

  • soma in ganglion
  • axons in nerve fibers
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27
Q

How does a nerve impulse travel and where does it originate from and how is it produced

A

/travels like a wave along axolemma

  • originates in axon hillock if impulse received by soma or dendrites exceed a certain threshold
  • produced by membrane depolarization of voltage gates Na/K ion channels
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28
Q

Describe membrane potential of unstimulated neurons and how it comes about

A
  • the pumps maintain Na 1/10 that of extra cellular content and K+ greater than outside
  • produces potential of -65mV with inside of plasma negative relative to outside
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29
Q

What is a neurons resting potential

A

-65mV ( lemma or inside of plasma negative relative to outside )

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30
Q

What happens when dendrites receive an impulse meeting a certain threshold and what is the outcome

A
  • Na+ channels at hillock open up allowing influx of Na+

- lemma is now positive relative to outside depolarizing membrane to potential of +30mV

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31
Q

What happens immediately after membrane depolarization

A

-Na+ channels close and K+ Channel opens returning membrane to resting potential

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32
Q

What does depolarization of hillock cause and outcome

A

/causes adjacent channels to depolarize as well and return to Resting potential generating nerve impulse through lemma towards nerve endings

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33
Q

What does a nerve impulse do at a nerve ending

What does a neurotransmitter do !?

A

/promotes discharge of neurotransmitter

  • inhibits or stimulates action potential in other cells
  • bind to receptors and open or close ion Channels
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34
Q

What are synapses and what do they do

A
  • sites where nerve impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another
  • convert electrical signals into chemical signals that affect post synaptic membranes
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35
Q

Parts of synapse their descriptions and components

A

1 pre-synaptic
-has mito, microtubule and synaptic vesicles which release neurotransmitters

2 synaptic cleft
-20-30 nm gap separating pre and post synaptic terminals

3 post-synaptic
-has receptors for neurotransmitters and mechanisms to initiate nerve impulse

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36
Q

How is a nerve impulse propagated from one cells to another

A
  • nerve impulse In pre-synaptic terminal opens Ca+ channels causing an influx and the ions cause synaptic vesicles to release their neurotransmitters into cleft via exocytosis
  • transmitter diffuses through cleft and binds to receptor on post-synaptic membrane
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37
Q

How does neurotransmitter leave pre-synaptic terminal and what 2 types of effects can it have on post-synaptic cell

A

-exocytosis

1 inhibitory
2 excitory

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38
Q

Describe excitory and inhibitory effect and how they come about

A

1 neurotransmitter opens Na+ channels initiating membrane depolarization
-nerve impulse continues

2 neurotransmitter opens Cl- channel causing hyperpolarization and cell resistant to depolarization

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39
Q

How is excess neurotransmitter removed from cleft

A

1 enzymes
2 glial cells
3 endocytosis of pre-synaptic terminal

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40
Q

Types of synapses and function

A

1 axodendritic - propagate info
2 axosomatic - propagate info
3 axoaxonic - modify impulses of axons

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41
Q

What is neuropil

A

-fine processes extending from both glial cells and neurons in the intercellular network

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42
Q

Where do glial cells originate from , are they more numerous and what do they substitute

A
  • neural plate

/ yes

-CT made of collagen

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43
Q

Ogliodendrocytes function, characteristics and where found

A

/wrap repeatedly around numerous axons in CNS

-insulate axon and facilitate rapid transmission of impulses

44
Q

How is a Myelin sheath formed

A

-when ogliodendroctyes or Schwann cells warp repeatedly around axons and cyto leaves the processes forming compact layers of membrane

45
Q

Astrocytes shape, characteristics and types ( where types found )and marker

A
  • star shaped
  • in proximal part of processes have intermediate filaments made of GFAP ( glial fibrillary acid protein )

1 fibrous with long processes and found in white matter
2 protoplasmic astrocytes with shorter processes and found in Grey matter

46
Q

Functions of astrocytes

A

1 regulates interstitial fluid ionic content
2 provide structural support and physical guide neurons in the CNS during development
3 replicate to fill space left by dead neurons forming astrocytic scar
4 fibrous extend expanded perivascular feet to cover endothelial modulating blood flow and facilitating exchange of metabolites
5 protoplasmic expand and form a layer called glial limiting membrane ( part of blood brain Barrier )
6 extend processes to cover synapses affecting function and formation

47
Q

Ependymal cells characteristics and function

A

-cuboid or columnar cells with apical end junctions and basal ends extending into neuropil

1 line fluid filled ventricles of blood.
2 have cilia on apical ends to move cerebrospinal fluid
3 line central canal of spinal cord

48
Q

Microglial characteristics and function

A
  • small cells with active processes that scan the neuropil for debris or pathogen
  • monocytes derived
49
Q

Schwann cells characteristics and function

A

-same function similar to ogliodendrocytes
-only cover 1 axon each
/found in PNS

50
Q

Satellite cells characteristics and function

A

-small cells found in ganglia surrounding soma of neurons

  • facilitate exchange of metabolites
  • create conducive micro environment
  • insulate soma
51
Q

List of glial cells where found and their origin

A

1 astrocytes , ogliodendrocytes and ependymal
- found in CNS and originate from neural tube

2 microglial

  • found in CNS
  • monocytes origin

3 Schwann , satellite cells

  • found in PNS
  • originate from neural crest mesenchymal cells
52
Q

Components of CNS

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Spinal cord ( brain stem )

53
Q

What covers the CNS and how strong is it

A

CT layers called meninges

-soft and easily damaged

54
Q

Grey and what matter locations In brain and components

A

-Grey at the peripheral of brain
/neuronal bodies, protoplasmic astrocytes, microglial

-white deep in the brain
/has myelinated axons in bundles called tracts , fibrous astrocytes, ogliodendrocytes

55
Q

What is white matter tracts , the 3 types and description

A

-myelinated axons found in the white matter of the brain

1 association - within hemispheres
2 commissural - in between hemispheres
3 projections - entering or leaving hemispheres

56
Q

What are cerebral nuclei , where found and name them and their locations

A

-localized deep in brain dark regions with neuronal aggregates

1 putamen- outer layer
2 globus palidus - middle layer
3 caudate nucleus - top layer

57
Q

Functions of neurons in cerebral and cerebellar cortex

A
  • integration of sensory info and initiation of voluntary motor response
  • co ordinates muscles activity in the body
58
Q

Name and describe the three layers of the cerebellum

A

1 molecular outer layer - much neuropil and scattered neuronal bodies

2 purkinje cell middle layer - has only large purkinje cells bodies

3 thick granular inner layer - small densely packed neurons

59
Q

Location and shape of white and gray matter in spinal cord

A

/white is outer layer

  • Grey is inner layer forming H shaped mass with horns
60
Q

What do the horns of Grey matter spinal cord have !?

A
  • anterior : has cell bodies for large motor neurons

- posterior horns : has inter neurons receiving sensory information from spinal ganglia

61
Q

Deceive central canal where found and how formed

A
  • found at the middle of the horns
  • develops from lumen of neural tube
  • continuous with ventricles of brain
62
Q

Describe dorsal and ventral roots

A
  • has sensory nerves

- has motor nerves

63
Q

What is meninges and its 3 layers

A

-CT between bone and nervous tissue in CNS

1 dura mater
2 arachnoid
3 pia mater

64
Q

List the layers of meninges starting at skin

A 
Skin 
Periosteum 
Bone 
Perosteal layer 
Meningeal layer 
Subdura space 
Arachnoid
Arachnoid trabeculae 
Pia matter 
Grey matter 
White matter
65
Q

Describe dura matter and it’s layers

A

/thick external layer of irregular CT
/has 2 layers
1 periosteal outer layer continuous with periosteum of bone
2 meningeal layer

66
Q

Where do the dura mater layers separate and what is formed

A

/at superiors sagittal sinus

-forms blood filled dural venous

67
Q

What separates dura mater at spinal cord and what is present there

A

-epidural space

/has loose CT and vasculature

68
Q

What separates dura and arachnoid

A

Subdural space ( potential space )

69
Q

Describe arachnoid and its layers

A

1 sheet of CT in contact with dura mater

2 system of loose arranged trabeculae of collagen and fibroblasts continuous with underlying pia mater

70
Q

What is arachnoid trabeculae surrounded by !?

And it’s function

A
  • large sponge like cavity called subarachnoid spec filled with CSF
  • cushioning and protection of CNS
71
Q

Where are blood vessels In meninges found

Why is arachnoid called a vascular

A

/in subarachnoid space

-doesn’t have nutrition capillaries

72
Q

Which 2 layers of meninges are closely associated and what’s the combined name

A

Pia and arachnoid

Pia-arachnoid

73
Q

What are arachnoid villus and function

A
  • areas where arachnoid penetrate into dura mater into blood filled venous sinuses
  • serve as a site to release excess CSF into blood
74
Q

Describe pia mater , where found and how is it separated from nerve cells

A
  • flattened mesenchymal derived cells which cover entire CNS

- astrocytes extend processes forming glia limitans

75
Q

Function of pia mater and glia limitans

A

-physical barrier to separate CNS from CSF in Arachnoid

76
Q

How to blood vessels enter CNS and what covers them

A

/arteries in subarachnoid branch smaller and enter CNS

-initially covered by pia mater at peri vascular space but pia disappears as the vasculature becomes capillaries and now covered by astrocytotic processes

77
Q

What are the main components of PNS

A
  • cranial and peripheral ganglion
  • nerve endings
  • nerves
78
Q

How are axons in PNS myelinated

A
  • Schwann cells become aligned along axon and extend wide cyto process encircling it
  • process encircles axon but continuous it’s spiral
  • spiral wrappings become compacted layers of myelin as cyto goes to outer layer
79
Q

What do mature Schwann cells have

A

-up to 100 lamellae and cyto and cell body in outer layer

80
Q

White matter tracts are analogue to what

A

-nerves

81
Q

What is a nerve fiber

A

-a myelinated axon

82
Q

What is neurolemmocyte

A

-Schwann cells

83
Q

What is mesoxon

A

Area where Schwann on axon fuses with itself

84
Q

Myelin cleft synonym , description ,where found and function

A
  • Schmidt-lanterman cleft
  • parts of myelin sheaths with cyto in them between major dense lines
  • allow transient movement cyto for membrane maintenance
85
Q

Function of myelin sheaths

A

-insulate axons and maintain constant ionic micro environment suitable for action potentials

86
Q

What is node of ranvier , where found and function

A
  • space between adjacent Schwann cells
  • partially covered by interdigitating Schwann cell processes
  • expose lemma to ions of interstitial fluid to renew action potential
  • has higher conc of Na/K voltage gates
87
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

-propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from 1 node of ranvier to another

88
Q

What are internodal segments

A

-length of axon covered by myelin Schwann cell sheaths

89
Q

Which fibers are unmyelinated and how

A

-small diameter nerves

  • Schwann cells start by enveloping multiple small diameter axons
  • axons spaced apart and covered by Schwann but no wrappings of myelin around
90
Q

Why are small diameter axons not myelinated

A

-use action potentials whose formation and maintenance is independent of insulation provided by myelin sheaths

91
Q

Color of nerve and why

A
  • whitish glistening appearance

- due to lipid rich content of myelin sheaths

92
Q

The 3 layers of nerves and describe them and their structures and their functions and their locations and what we find in them

A

1 outer epineueium - around entire fibers. Dense irregular coat. Extends deep to fill space between fascicles

2 middle perineurium - has flat fibrocytes and sealed by tight junctions. 2-6 layers of cells to regulate diffusion into fascicle. Make up blood nerve barrier to maintain fiber micro environment

3 endoneurium - immediately around external lamina of Schwann cells. Thin layer with reticular fibers and fibroblasts

93
Q

Types of nerves and description

A

1 sensory- has sensory nerve
2 motor - has motor “
3 mixed - has both sensory and motor

94
Q

What are ganglia and the 2 types and criteria used to classify them

A

-ovoid structures with neuronal bodies and their associated satellite glial cells

1 sensory
2 autonomic

-determined based on direction of impulse

95
Q

What covers ganglia

A
  • outer dense capsule

- inner delicate CT

96
Q

Function of sensory ganglia , the types and the neuron it has

A

-has afferent nerves to carry impulses to CNS

1 cranial
2 dorsal

-pseudounipolar neurons

97
Q

Function of autonomic ganglia , description of structure and type of neuron it has

A
  • controls involuntary actions to maintain homeostasis ( smooth muscle , heart , glands )
  • small bulbous dilations in autonomic nerves
  • multipolar nerves
98
Q

Where are is the post ganglion structure for parasympathetic found !?

A

1 near or within effector organs

-parasympathetic

99
Q

How many circuits does ANS have and list them as where are they found

A

2

1 pre ganglion ( in CNS )
2 post ganglion ( in peripheral system )

100
Q

All pre ganglion ANS synapses use which neurotransmitter

A

-Acetylcholine

101
Q

Locations of pre and post ganglion of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

A

1 sympathetic

  • pre : thoracic and lumbar segments of spinal cord
  • post : along vertebrae column

2 parasympathetic

  • pre : medulla and midbrain
  • post : within or near effector organ
102
Q

Describe post ganglion of parasympathetic

A

-may lack capsule and just be soma with satellite forming a loosely organized plexus in CT

103
Q

Lobes of the brain

How many cranial nerves are there

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

12

104
Q

What parts constitutes the brain stem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblangata

105
Q

Brain parts and they synonyms

A 
Cerebrum - telencephalon
Hypothalamus- diencephalon
Mid brain - mesencephalon
Pons - metencephalon
Medulla - myelencephalon

Anatomy (15 decks)

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