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Anatomy > Primary Tissue : CT > Flashcards

Primary Tissue : CT Flashcards

1
Q

Function of CT

A
  • provide a matrix to support and physically connect other cells and tissue
  • facilitates exchange of metabolites through diffusion via its interstitial fluid
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2
Q

Components of CT ( Cells and ECM )

A

1 cells

  • fibroblast and fibrocyte
  • mast
  • plasma
  • leukocytes
  • adipocytes
  • macrophages

2 ecm

  • fibers ( collagen , elastic and reticular)
  • ground substance ( GAG’s ,proteoglycans and multi-adhesive glycoproteins )
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3
Q

Origin of CT

A
  • mesenchymal stem cells from embryonic mesenchyme

- from mesoderm

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4
Q

What is mesenchyme,characteristics and mesenchyme stem cells and characteristics

A
  • embryonic CT of mesoderm origin. Can differentiate into CT and hematopoietic tissue
  • few cells and sparse collagen but abundant ground substance
  • cells of mesenchyme
  • make up CT only and not hematopoietic
  • large nuclei , prominent nucleoli and euchromatin
  • spindle shaped
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5
Q

How to mesenchymal SC form CT

A

-they migrate from mesenchyme and enclose and penetrate developing cells

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6
Q

Fibroblast shape , characteristics and function

A
  • spindle shaped
  • synthesize and secrete ecm
  • developed Protein synthesis machinery
  • rarely undergo mitotic divisions
  • basophilia
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7
Q

Fibrocytes function, characteristics and shape

A
  • spindle shaped
  • quiescent
  • smaller and heterochromatin nuclei
  • maintain ecm
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8
Q

What do growth factors do and their target

A
  • target is fibroblast
  • they stimulate growth and differentiation
  • renew cell cycle
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9
Q

What are myofibroblasts and characteristics

A
  • fibroblast specialized or involved in wound repair

- have developed contractile apparatus

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10
Q

Adipocytes function, characteristics and structure

A
  • specialized for cytoplasmic storage of lipids
  • thermal insulation and cushioning for organs
  • mesenchyme derived
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11
Q

What is adipose tissue

A

-tissue with large populations of adipocytes

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12
Q

Macrophages function, structure and characteristics

A
  • specialized for phagocytosis
  • removal of dead cells and ecm debri
  • antigen processing and presentation
  • secrete growth factors and cytokines
  • developed protein synthesis machinery
  • irregular surface with cleats and protrusions for phagocytosis and pinocytosis
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13
Q

Macrophages derivation and how they get to CT

A
  • bone marrow hematopoietic cells derivation

- monocytes precursor derivation which circulates in blood moves through Venule into CT

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14
Q

Mast cells function, structure and characteristics

A
  • synthesize and secrete biologically active macromolecules
  • developed protein synthesis machinery
  • basophilic cytoplasm
  • display metachromasia
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15
Q

Why do mast cells display metachromasia

A

Due to acidic radicals of their sulfated gags

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16
Q

Macromolecules secreted by mast cells

A
  • heparin : anticoagulant
  • histamine : increases Venule permeability , produces allergic reactions
  • cytokines : proteins which regulate and direct activities of leukocytes
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17
Q

Location of macrophages and significance

A
  • near blood vessels and in respiratory and digestive tract

- they act as sentinels in pathogen invasion

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18
Q

What is immediate hypersensitivity reaction and how does it occurs

A

-allergic reaction which happens minutes after individual is exposed to antigen they are sensitive to it binds to mast cells and promotes release of chemical which cause the reaction

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19
Q

Plasm cells function, characteristics and structure

A
  • produce antibodies
  • basophilic
  • spherical nuclei
  • lymphocyte derived
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20
Q

Leukocytes function, characteristics and structure

A
  • comprises wandering cell population in CT
  • lymphoid bone marrow derived
  • accumulate at site if inflammation to mediate immune responses
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21
Q

What is inflammation and how does it occur and characteristics

A
  • vascular and cellular response to injury or invasion by pathogens
  • ecm cells and plasma proteins release chemical mediators which release chemical mediators that increase vascular permeability
  • there is increased blood flow to site of inflammation
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22
Q

Fibers structure and types in CT

A

-elongated structures formed form polymerization of proteins formed form fibroblasts

  • collagen
  • elastic
  • reticular
23
Q

Collagen fiber property and use and type of structures formed

A

-can form numerous networks , sheets and fibers

  • resistant to normal tear and shear forces
  • most Abundant in body 30% dry mass
24
Q

Fibril forming collagens, where found and functions

A

Type 1 : skin, tendon, bone / resistance to tension

Type 2 : cartilage / resistance to pressure

Type 3 : skin, muscle, blood / stroma to organs

Type 5 : skin, bone / Same as type 1

Type 11 : cartilage / same as type 2

25
Q

Network forming collagen, where found and function

A

Type 4 : basement membrane / filtration , support epithelium

Type 10 : during endochondral bone formation / increase density of matrix

26
Q

Anchoring collagen types, where found and function

A

Type 7 : epithelium basement / connects BL to RL

Type 9 : cartilage / binds proteoglycans and type 2

Type 12 : skin, tendon / interacts with type 1

Type 14 ( XIV ) : binds type 1 to 5 and 12

27
Q

Reticular fibers structure and function

A
  • dispersed network of collagen 3 forming an extensive network of thin fibers
  • stroma of organs
28
Q

Elastic fibers structure and function

A
  • sparse network of bundles of collagen ( 1 ) surrounded by elsatin proteins
  • allowing organs to be stretched and retain original shape
29
Q

How are elastic fibers formed

A

-fibrillin proteins polymerize and form microfibrils which are surrounded by deposits of elastin proteins.

30
Q

What makes elasticity of elastic fibers and how does it come about

A

-cross link between elastin fibers

  • elastin molecules have lysin rich regions with interspersed hydrophobic domains of lysine and proline
  • as elastin deposits on microfibrils Lysyl oxidase converts lysine amino groups to aldehydes and 4 oxidized lysines on adjacent elastin’s condense covalently to form desmosine ring which is the cross link
31
Q

What is ground substance and components that makes it up

A

-highly hydrated transparent, anionic and hydrophilic complex mixture of
1 GAG’s
2 proteoglycans
3 multi adhesive glycoproteins

32
Q

Functions of Groud substances

A

1 facilitate exchange of metabolites between CT and capillaries
2 fills spaces between cells and fibers in CT
3 lubricant
4 protective barrier

33
Q

GAG structure

A

-long polymers of repeating dissacharride units

34
Q

Hyaluronan structure and function

A
  • longest GAG forming peri cellular network

- binds large amounts of water

35
Q

Types of sulfates gag’s and function

A

1 chondroitin
2 keratan
3 dermatan
4 heparan

-covalently bind to a core protein and form proteoglycans

36
Q

Where are proteoglycans found

A

-bound covalently at hyaluronan via core protein and gag’s bind to collagen covalently

37
Q

Aggrecan structure

A

-has core protein covalently bonded to keratan and chondroitin sulfated GAG’s

38
Q

Embryonic mesenchyme structure and function

A

-rich in hyaluronan and water providing wide spaces for cell migration

39
Q

Multi adhesive glycoproteins structure and function

A
  • large protein complexes with branching ogliosaccharides

- have multiple binding sites for cell integrins and ecm components to bind them together

40
Q

Fibronectin structure and function

A
  • has binding sites for collagen and gag’s forms insoluble fibrillar network in CT
  • important for cell migration
41
Q

What is the interstitial fluid in ground substance and properties

A
  • water

- same ionic content as blood plasma

42
Q

What is an Edema

A

-swelling of tissue due to interstitial fluid from blood during increased Venule permeability is trapped in it during inflammation

43
Q

Two forces acting on water in blood to enter and leave CT

A
  • hydrostatic : due to pumping of heart

- colloid osmotic : due to plasma proteins such as albumin

44
Q

What happens to excess water in tissue

A

-it drains into lymphatic system and eventually returns into the blood

45
Q

Types of CT and their sub-types

A

1 CT Proper

  • dense regular
  • dense irregular
  • loose / areolar

2 embryonic CT

  • mucoid
  • mesenchyme

3 reticular

4 Special CT

  • cartilage
  • blood
  • bone
  • muscle
46
Q

Criteria for naming CT and what produces the differences

A

1 major component
2 structural characteristic

-diff in composition and density of cells, fibers and ground substance

47
Q

Loose areolar characteristics and functions and where found

A
  • much ground substance
  • many cells
  • spare collagen
  • supports microvasculature
  • lamina propia beneath digestive tract
  • delicate consistency and not very resistance to stress
48
Q

Dense irregular CT structure, characteristics and function and where found

A
  • abundance of collagen 1 interwoven in a random order
  • resists stress from all directions
  • few cells and little ground substance
  • dermis of skin , capsules of organs
49
Q

Dense regular CT function, characteristics and structure and where found

A
  • little ground substance
  • few cells parallel to CT
  • abundance of collagen 1 aligned in a parallel manner
  • resists stress pronlonged in one direction
  • tendons
50
Q

What are tendinocytes

A

-regions in CT In which fibroblasts extend their cytoplasmic extensions

51
Q

Mesenchyme characteristics, structure and function and where found

A
  • sparse undifferentiated cells
  • sparse collagen and much ground substance
  • has cells which differentiate into CT cells
  • provides space conducive for cell migration
  • embryonic CT
52
Q

Mucoid CT function, structure and characteristics and where found

A
  • mucous or Whartson’s jelly
  • abundant ground substance and sparse collagen and cells
  • viscous matrix
  • cushions and supports blood vessels in fetal umbilical cord
53
Q

Reticular CT characteristics structure function and where found

A

-abundance of collagen 3 forming a delicate extensive network of stroma to organs

54
Q

Reticular cells

A

-modified fibroblasts which produce proteins for reticular fibers

Anatomy (15 decks)

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