Respiratory system 1: Terminologies Flashcards
What is the structure above vocal cords
Upper respiratory tract: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and associated structures
What is the three steps of Respiration
- Ventilation (breathing)
- External (pulmonary) respiration at lung
- Internal (tissue) respiration (capillary muscle)
What is the structure below the vocal cords
Lower respiratory tract: larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
2 functional divisions of respiratory system
- Conducting system: consists of a series of cavities and tubes - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole and terminal bronchioles - that conduct air into the lungs
- The respiratory portion: consists of the area where gas exchange occurs - respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
The bony framework of the nose is
frontal bone, nasal bones and maxillae. Nasal bones make the bridge to hold the nose in a fixed position
Which bones forms the nasal cavity
Ethmoid bone (roof) Maxillae, lacrimal, palatine (floor - hard palate) and inferior nasal conchae bones
Respiratory region is
larger, inferior region of nasal cavity, lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium with many goblet cells
Olfactory region is
smaller, superior region of nasal cavity, olfactory receptors located near to the superior nasal conchae lie in this region, contains cilia but no goblet cells
paranasal sinuses and duct
frontal sinus, sphenoid sinus, maxillary sinus, and ethmoidal sinus
Nasolacrimal ducts
What is the function of the paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal ducts
drains mucus and tears into the nasal cavity
Anerior most portion of the nasal cavity
nasal vestifule
Divides the nasal cavity into Right and Left sides. Made of hyaline cartilage anteriorly but of the vomer, palatine bone and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid posteriorly
Nasal Septum
Formed by 3 nasal conchaes
Superior, middle and inferor meatuses
Sensory receptors that line the superior nasal conchae to detect olfactory stimuli as well as contains cilia to trap dust particles
Olfactory epithelium
what is the function of the nasal conchae and meatuses?
Warm air, trap water molecules on exhalation (moistens)
Function of the internal nose structres
The interior structre of the nose are specilized for warming, moistening and filtering incoming air. Receiving olfactory stimuli, and serving as large hollow resonating chambers to modify speech sounds
what kind of lining in the nasal cavity
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells lines nasal cavity
What is the function of paranasal sinuses?
Open into nasal cavity and lighten skull and resonate voice
Which function does not operate in smokers and how does it affect smokers
Cilica do not function and they must cough to release mucus.
Rhinoplasty
Surgical procedure in which the structure of the external nose is altered for cosmetic or functional reasons (fracture or septal repair)
3 anatomic regions for Pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Function of pharynx
passage way for food and air
Resonating chamber for speech production
tonsil (lymphatic tissue)in the walls protects entry way into body
Nasopharyx function
From choanae to soft palate - openings of auditory (Eustachian) tubes from middle ear cavity
- adenoids or pharyngeal tonsil in roof
- passage way for air only/respiration only
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet
Oropharyx funtion
Respiratory and digestive
From soft palate to epiglottis
- fauces is opening from mouth into oropharynx
-palatine tonsils found in side walls, lingual tonsil in tongue
-Common passage way for food and air/digestion and respiration
stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharyx function
Respiratory and digestive
Extends from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
Common passageway for food and air and ends as esophagus inferiorly
stratified squamous epithelium
What is the role o cilia in the upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract?
Cilia in Upper respiratory tract move mucus and trapped particles down towards the pharynx
Cilia in the lower respiratory tract move them up toward the pharynx
in what region do you find the pharyngeal tonsils, the palatine tonsils and the lingual tonsils
Nasopharynx, post oral cavity/oroph, oropharynx
Surgical removal of tonsils
Tonsillectomy
The larynx location
passage way that connects the pharynx with the trachea
Anterior to C4 to C6
What does the larynx constructed of
3 single cartilages (Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple), epiglottis to prevent food from entering the larynx, cricoid cartilage)
3 paired cartilages (arytenoid to change in position and tension of the vocal chords, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages to support vocal folds and lateral epiglottis)
Larynx lining
Superior to vocal folds is non-keratinized stratified epithelium
Inferior to vocal folds is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium consisting of goblet cells (produce mucus that traps dust) - cilia move mucus toward pharynx
Larynx function
Voice production - larynx contains vocal folds (true vocal cords) and ventricular folds (false vocal cords).
What does True vocal cord contain
Skeletal muscle (10 intrinsic muscles) and an elastic ligament (vocal ligament)
What purpose do false vocal chords serve
Protect. But they function in holding the breath against pressure in the Thracic cavity, such as might occur when a person strains to lift a heavy object
Pitch
is controlled by tension on vocal folds
pulled taut by muscles =faster vibration =higher pitch
decrease muscle tension =slower vibration =lower pitch
male vocal folds are thicker and longer so vibrate they slower producing a lower pitch
To increase volume of sound, air must be pushed harder
Speech requires
modified sound made by the larynx
Speech requires pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity and sinuses to resonate that sound
Tongue and lips form words
Whispering requires
forcing air through almost closed rima glottidis = no vibration so there is no pitch
Oral cavity alone forms speech
laryngitis
is an inflammation of the larynx that is usually caused by respiratory infection or irritants
who gets cancer of the larynx
almost exclusively found in smokers
The location of the Trachea
Larynx to T5 anterior to the esophagus and then splits into primary bronchi. 5 inch long and 1 in diameter
Trachea is composed of
smooth muscle and C-shaped rings of cartilage that keep the airway open and is line with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (moisten air)
The cilia of the epithelium sweep debris away from the lungs and back to the throat to be swallowed
Layers of the Tracheal wall
Mucosa = pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
Submucosa= loose connective tissue and seromucus glands
hyaline cartilage = 16 to 20 incomplete rings-open side facing esophagus contains trachealis muscle (smooth) and elastic connective tissue contained within the fibromuscular membrane
What purpose does the trachealis mm and the CT serve
solid C-shape rings provide support and maintain patency so tracheal wall does not collapse inward (esp.during inhalation) and obstruct the airway
loose connective tissue that binds the trachea to other tissues
Adventitia
Tracheostomy and intubation
Reestablishing airflow past in airway obstruction caused by crushing injury to larynx or chest
swelling that closes airway
vomit or foreign object
Incision in trachea below cricoid cartilage
Tracheostomy (if larynx is obstructed)
passing a tube from mouth or nose through larynx and trachea
Intubation
What is significant about the carina
widening or distortion usually indicates a carcinoma of the lymph nodes around the region where the trachea divides
which lung is smaller and why
Left is 10 smaller than right due to space occupied by heart
which lung is shorter and why
liver pushes up diaphragm on right
outer layer of the lung attached to the wall of the thracic cavity
Parietal pleura
Inner layer of the lung covering the lung
visceral pleura
what is in pleural cavity
a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes
what is called when the pleural cavities filled with air and why
pneumothorax may cause a partial or complete collapse of the lung
blood filled pleural cavities
Hemothorax
Mediastinal surface of the lung function
blood vessels and airways enter lungs at hilus
Forms root of lungs
covered with pleura (parietal becomes visceral)
what structures lie within the mediastinum
Heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, large blood vessels
how many primary bronchus devide in each side
Right primary bronchus divides into 3 secondary bronchi
Left primary bronchus divides into 2 secondary bronchi
Right is more vertical, shorter and wider than the left therefore an aspired object is more likely to enter the right primary bronchi
Secondary bronchus divide into…
each lung has a total of 10 tertiary bronchi
Bronchial tree
Trachea - Primary bronchi- Secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - Bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles - Alveolar duct- Alveolar sac - Alveoli
lobe of the lung is supplied by
secondary bronchus
Each tertiary bronchus supplies….
a triangular shaped unit of the lung called a bronchopulmonary segment. Bronchopulmonary segment is divided into many small compartments called lobules
Each terminal bronchiole supplies
a lobule, contains single arteriole, venule a lymphatic vessel and a branching of a terminal bronchiole all wrapped by elastic CT
Terminal bronchioles subdivide into
respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles lined with
simple squamous epithelium
Terminal bronchioles mark the end of the
conducting zone and beginning of respiratory zone
Histology of Alveolar type I and II
Type I alveolar cells: simple squamous cells. Where gas exchange occurs
Type II alveolar cells: free surface has microvilli, secrete alveolar fluid, which keeps the alveolar cells moist and which contains a component called surfactant.
What is surfactant for?
Lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid preventing the collapse of alveoli with each expiration
wandering macrophages remove debris in alveoli
Alveolar dust cells
4 layers of membrane to cross for gas exchange
- Alveolar epithelial wall of type I cells
- Alveolar epithelial basement membrane
- capillary basement membrane
- Endothelial cells of capillary
surface area of gas exchange
raquetball court approx 70 m squared (900ml of blood can participate in gas exchange at one time)
Double blood supply to the lungs
- deoxygenated blood arrives through pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle. Pulmonary arteries leave ventricle of the heart and go to lungs/pulmonary veins leave the lungs and enter the atrium of the heart
- Bronchial arteries branch off of the aorta to supply oxygenated blood to lung tissue
- venous drainage returns all blood to heart
- less pressure in venous system
- pulmonary blood vessels constrict in response to low O2 levels as not to pick up CO2 on there way through the lungs
A procedure for administering medication as small droplets suspended in air into the respiratory tract
Nebulization
what do Asthma attacks or allergic reactions do?
constrict distal bronchiole smooth muscle
what happens in response to hypoxia in the lungs
Ventilation - perfusion coupling: diverts pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated area
Disorder of premature infants in which the alveoli do not have sufficient surfactant to remain open
Respiratory distress syndrome
