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A&P FT300 > Integumentary system 2 > Flashcards

Integumentary system 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Where does not hair grow?

A

palms, palmer surfaces of digits, soles, and plantar surfaces of the digits

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1
Q

hair is

A

dead, keratinized epidermal cells bonded together by extracellular proteins
Genetics and hormones determine thickness and pattern of distribution

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2
Q

Hair function (3)

A
  1. Protection (injury, sun’s rays, eyelashes and eyebrows protect eyes from foreign particles)
  2. Senses light touch: touch receptors in hair root plexus are activated when hair moves
  3. Prevents heat loss (scalp)
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3
Q

Structure of hair

A

Shaft - visible projects above the skin
Root - below the surface into the dermis and sometimes subcutaneous layer
Shaft and Root - consist of 3 concentric layers of cells (medulla, cortex, cuticle)

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4
Q

What surrounds the root of the hair?

A

hair follicle, consists of
1. external root sheath - downward continuation of the epidermis
2. internal root sheath
1+2=epithelial root sheath or hair follicle

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5
Q

what is at the base of each hair follicle

A

the bulb, nourishes the growing hair follicle

contains a germinal layer of cells called the hair matrix

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6
Q

Where the hair matrix cells arise from

A

The stratum Basale, the site of cell division

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7
Q

what does smooth muscle in dermis contracts with cold or fear

A

Arrector pili

forms goosebumps as hair is pulled vertically

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8
Q

What detects hair movement and senses touch

A

Hair root plexus

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9
Q

what secretes oil

A

Sebaceous (oil) glands

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10
Q

what is the three stages of hair growth cycle

A

Growth stage (2-6 years) matrix cells at base of hair root are active producing length

Regression stage (2-3 weeks)
Cells of matrix stop dividing, hair follicle atrophies and hair stops dividing

Resting stage (3 months)
following the resting stage, a new growth cycle begins
old hair falls out as growth stage begins again

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11
Q

What is the normal hair loss/day

A

70-100 hairs/day

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12
Q

Types of hair in Utero

A

Lanugo hair: fine non-pigmented downy hair that covers the fetus

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13
Q

Prior to birth, Lanugo hair is replaced by

A

Terminal hair: coarse, heavily pigmented hair that replaces hair on eyebrows, eyelashes and scalp

Vellus hair: short fine pale hair barely visible to the human eye replaces lanugo on the rest of the body

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14
Q

The type of hair at puberty

A

Terminal hair replace vellus hair in the axillae and pubic regions of girls and boys and face, limbs, chests of boys.

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15
Q

Hair color is due to….

A

the amount and type of melanin (passed into cortex and medullary cavity)

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16
Q

Graying of hair occurs because of….

A

Progressive decline in tyrosinase and decline in melanin production

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17
Q

Dark hair contains

A

true melanin

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18
Q

Blond and red hair contain

A

melanin with iron and sulfur added

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19
Q

white hair is due to

A

lack of melanin and air bubbles in the medullary shaft

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20
Q

partial or complete loss of hair

A

Alopecia, by genes, aging, endocrine disorders, chemotherapy, skin disease

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21
Q

Chemotherapy kills

A

rapidly dividing cells such as hair matrix cells (the 15% of hairs in resting stage are not affected0

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22
Q

Excessive body hair or body hair in areas that are not usually experienced by females or prepubertal males

A

Hirsutism - caused by tumor in the adrenal glands, ovaries or testes that produce an excessive amount of androgens

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23
Q

Genetic predisposition where androgens inhibit hair growth

A

Androgenic Alopecia or male pattern baldness

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24
Q

nails are

A

tightly packed hard dead keratinized epidermal cells that form a clear solid covering over the DORSAL surfaces of the distal portion of digits

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25
Q

Structure of nails

A
  1. nail body: visible portion (like stratum corneum of skin)
  2. Free edge may extend past distal end of the digit
    white, because absence of capillaries
  3. Nail root: portion of nail buried in a fold of skin
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26
Q

Whiter crescent shaped area of the nail

A

Lunula(capillaries don’t show thickened epithelium)

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27
Q

Function of nails (4)

A

1 Protect the distal end of digits
2 provide support and counter pressure to the PALMAR surface of fingers to enhance touch perception and manipulation
3 Allow us to grasp and manipulate small objects
4 can be used to scratch and groom the body

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28
Q

Thickened St. Corneum beneath the free edge that secures nail to fingertips

A

Hyponychium or nail bed

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29
Q

Narrow band of epidermis that extends from and adheres to lateral side of nail wall

A

Epohychium or cuticle

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30
Q

Nail growth

A

Nail matrix proximal portion of the epithelium deep to the nail root who’s cells divide mitotically

grow on average 1 mm per week

31
Q

4 specialized exocrine glands of the skin

A

Sebaceous (oil) glands
sudiferous (sweat) glands (Eccrine - most body, especially palms, soles, forehead. Apocrine - into hair follicle, groin/axillae, emotional stress and sexual excitement)
Ceruminous (wax) glands
Mammary (milk)glands

32
Q

Where are sebasecous (oil) glands found

A

found in lips, glans penis, labia minora and tarsal glands (prevents eyelids from sticking)

small in trunk and limbs, in the dermis and opens into neck of hair follicle, produce sebum
Absent in the palms and soles

33
Q

what does sebum do

A

contains cholesterol, proteins, fats and salts
moistens hair
water proofs and softens skin
inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi (ringworm)

34
Q

sudoriferous gland function: Eccrine sweat gland

A
  1. Secretory portion in dermis with duct to surface that terminates at epidermal pores
  2. regulates body temperature through evaporation (perspiration), the homeostatic regulation of body temperature called “thermoregulation”
  3. Release sweat in response to emotional stress called “emotional sweating or cold sweat
  4. Help eliminate wastes
  5. start functioning at birth
35
Q

Apocrine sweat gland function

A
  1. secretory portion in dermis with duct that opens into hair follicle
  2. secretions are more viscous appearing milky or yellowish
  3. release in response to emotional stress and during sexual activity
  4. apocrine sweat has musky odor aka body odor
  5. start functioning at puberty
36
Q

Ceruminous glands function

A

modified sudoriferous glands found in external auditory meatus
1 produce a waxy lubricating secretion
2. the compination of ceruminous and sebaceous secretions is called cerumen
3. secretory portion is in subcutaneous layer deep to sebaceous glands
4. excretory ducts open to EAM surface or into ducts of sebaceous glands
5. Function: barrier for entrance of foreign bodies and water proof canal

37
Q

bacterial inflammation of sebaceous glands

A

Acne

Secretions are stimulated by hormones at puberty

38
Q

An abnormal amount of cerumen in the external auditory meatus or canal

A

impacted cerumen: can result in impaction and prevent sound waves from reaching the ear drum

39
Q

Thin skin

A

covers all parts of the body except thick skin
lacks epidermal ridges
has a sparser distribution of sensory receptors than thick skin
hair follicles and erector pili present

40
Q

Thick skin (0.6 to 4.5mm)

A

covers the palms, palmar surfaces of the digits and soles
features a stratum lucidum and thick epidermal ridges
lacks hair follicles, arrector pili muscles and sebaceous glands and has more sweat glands than thin skin

41
Q

how many % of blood skin reserves?

A

8-10% in resting adults

42
Q

How does skin protect the body

A
  1. Keratin - physical, chemical and biological barriers
  2. Tight cell junctions prevent bacterial invasion
  3. lipids released by lamellar granules retard evaporation
  4. Sebum moistens skin and hair, kill bacteria
  5. Acidic perspiration retards some microbe growth
  6. Pigment protects somewhat against UV light
  7. Langerhans cells alert immune system and macrophages in dermis phagocytize bacteria
43
Q

Synthesis of Vitamin D

A

Activation of a precursor molecule in the skin by UV light
Enzymes in the liver and kidneys modify the activated molecule to produce calcitriol, most active form of vitamin D
Necessary vitamin for absorption of calcium from food in the gastrointestinal tract

44
Q

Excretion and absorption

A

Excretes: 400 ml of water/day, small amounts salt, CO2, ammonia and Urea
Absorption: Certain lipid soluble materials - Vitamin A, D, E, K, Certain drugs, O2 & CO2, cortisone, nail polish remover, salts of lead/mercury, arsenic

45
Q

method of drug passage across the epidermis and into the blood vessels of the dermis

A

Transdermal drug administration

46
Q

Epidermal wound healing

A

ABRASION or MINOR BURN

  1. Basal cells MIGRATE across the wound
  2. CONTACT INHIBITION with other cells stops migration
  3. Epidermal growth factor stimulates basal cells to divide and replace the ones that have moved into the wound
  4. full thickness of epidermis
47
Q

Deep Wound healing 4 phages

A
  1. Inflammatory phase: clot unite wound edges and WBCs arrive from dilated and more permeable blood vessels
  2. Migratory phase: begins the regrowth of epithelial cells and the formation of scar tissue by the fibroblasts (fibrin threads)
  3. Proliferative phase is a completion of tissue formation
  4. Maturation phase sees the scab fall off
48
Q

skin thermoregulates by

A

perspiration (and its evaporation)

Shivering and constriction of surface vessels

49
Q

Free nerve ending sensasions

A

vibration, tickle, heat, cold and pain

50
Q

Touch sensation

A

Merkel cell

51
Q

Pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscle

52
Q

Inflammatory phase

A

Clots unites the wound edge
Epithelial cells migrates across the wound
Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels deliver phagocytic WBC (neutrophils, macrophages) and fibroblasts

53
Q

Migratory phase

A

epithelial cells beneath the scab bridge the wound

* Fibroblasts begin forming scar tissue along fibrin threads - GRANULATION TISSUE: collagen fibres and glycoproteins

54
Q

Proliferative phase

A

Extensive growth of epithelial cells under scab
Fibroblasts continue to lay down collagen RANDOMLY
continued growth of blood vessels

55
Q

Maturation Phase

A

The scab sloughs off once epidermis is restored to normal thickness
Collagen fibers become more organized
fibroblasts begin to disappear
blood vessels are restored to normal

56
Q

Scar tissue formation is called

A 
Fibrosis
Collagen fibres more densely arranged
Decreased elasticity
Fewer blood vessels
May have fewer hairs, glands or sensory structures
57
Q

Excess scar tissue two types

A
  1. Hypertrophic scar stays within the boundaries of the original wound
  2. Keloid scar extends beyond boundaries
58
Q

Epidermis develops from

A

Ectodermal germ layer

59
Q

Hair, nail, and skin glands are

A

epidermal derivatives

60
Q

Dermis develops from

A

mesenchmal mesodermal germ layer cells

61
Q

what develops from mesoderm

A

the connective tissue and blood vessels associated with the gland

62
Q

Slippery coating of oil and sloughed off skin for new born is call

A

vernix caseosa ( to protects fetus from amniotic fluid)

63
Q

Age related structural changes

A
  1. collagen fibres decrease in number and stiffen
  2. Elastic fibers less elastic
  3. Fibroblasts decrease in number
  4. Decrease in number of melanocytes (gray hair, blotching)
  5. Decrease in Langerhans cells (decreased immune responsiveness)
  6. Reduced number and less efficient phagocytes
64
Q

Aging and integumentary system

A

Most of the changes occur in the dermis
wrinkling, slower growth of hair and nails
dryness and cracking due to sebaceous gland atrophy
***subcutaneous fat is lost

65
Q

Photodamage

A

Ultraviolet light (UVA and UVB) both damage the skin
acute overexposure causes sunburn
DNA damage in epidermal cells can lead to skin cancer
*UVA produces oxygen free radicals that damage collagen and elastic fibres and lead to wrinkling of he skin

66
Q

Most common forms of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma

67
Q

78% of all skin cancers

A

basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasize)

68
Q

20 % of skin cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (tumors in at st. spinosum) may metastasize

69
Q

Most common cancer in young women

A 
Malignant melanomas (metastasize rapidly) 
arise from melanocytes, life threatening, die within months of diagnosis
70
Q

How to detect Malignant melanomas

A

A-asymmetry
B-Border
C-colour (different colors in the same place)
D-diameter (over 6 mm, pencil eraser) E- Evolving, changing size, shape and color
When AB and C present usually size is over 6 mm
Risks factors include skin color, sun exposure, family history, age and immunological status

71
Q

Systematic Effects of a burn

A
  1. large loss of water, plasma, plasma protein which causes shock
  2. Bacterial infection
  3. Reduced circulation of blood
  4. Decreased production of urine
  5. Diminished immune responses
72
Q

Types of burns

A

First degree - only epidermis

Second degree - entire epidermis and part of dermis, blisters between epidermis and dermis, but epidermal derivatives are not damaged. Heals without grafting in 3-4 weeks and may scar

Third-degree or full thickness -

  • destroy epidermis, dermis and epidermal derivatives and subcutaneous layer,
  • most skin functions are lost, marble, white to mahogany colored,
  • marked edema and damaged area is numb due to loss of sensory nerves
73
Q

What % of the body burnt, more than 50% chance to die?

A

exceeds 70%

74
Q

Major burn (3)

A

a. 3rd degree burn over 10 % of body
b. 2nd degree burn over 25% of body
c. any 3rd degree burn on face, hand, feet or perineum

75
Q

caused by a constant deficiency of blood to tissues overlying a bony projection that has been subjected to prolonged pressure

A

Pressure sore, or pressure ulcers AKA decubitus ulcers

A&P FT300 (13 decks)

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