Male reproductive system Flashcards
…..produces one cell with one set of chromosomes from each parent cells called ….
Germ fertilization
Gametes
Sexual reproduction is a process by which in which organisms produce offspring by means germ cells called …
gametes
organs of reproduction that produce gametes and secrete hormones
Gonads
Testes for male
Ovaries for female
organ produces sperm and secrete hormones
Testes
Organ Transport, receive and store gametes
ducts (ductus epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra)
Produce materials that support gametes and facilitate their movement
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
assist in the delivery of gametes
Supporting structures include the scrotum and penis
4 Function of the male reproductive system
- The testes produce sperm and male sex hormones testosterone
- the ducts transport, store and assist in maturation of sperm
- the accessory sex glands secrete most of the liquid portion of sperm
- The penis contains the urethra a passage way for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine
specialized branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system
Gynecology
specialized study for male reproductive system
Andrology
specialized study of urinary sytem
Urology
A cutaneous out-pouching of the abdomen that supports the testes internally
scrotum
a vertical septum divides it into two sacs
scrotal septum: each sac contains a single testis
The name of the muscle causes wrinkling found in scrotal septum
Dartos muscle
How many degree from the body temperature required for the sperm to survive?
3 degrees lower than core body temperature
Which muscle elevates testes (to cool)?
Cremaster muscle in spermatic cord
Serous membrane derived from the peritoneum partially covers the testes
Tunica Vaginalis
Dense white capsule found internal to Tunica Vaginalis
Tunica albuginea - septa form 200-300 compartments called lobules
each lobule is filled with ….
2- or 3 seminiferous tubules where sperm are formed (spermatogenisis)
2 main types of sperm development cells
Spermatogenic cells - the stem cell type that gives rise to mature sperm; note: final maturation in epididymis
Sertoli cells (aka sustentacular cells - support “spermatogenesis”)
Spermatogenic cells
Primordial germ cell sin yolk sac migrate at 5th week to testes
Differentiate into spermatogonia - stay dormant until puberty
cells mature progressively as they move toward lumen of seminiferous tubule.
Order of sperm maturation
Spermatogonium - primary spermatocytes - secondary spermatocyte - spermatid - sperm cells or spermatozoon
Sertoli cells
Deep to the basement membrane tight junctions join neighbouring Sertoli cells to form the blood testis barrier that prevents an immune response against the surface antigens of the developing sperm cells
- Protect, support, and nourishing developing sperm
- Releases inhibin; regulate testosterone and FSH (Follicle stimulating Hormone)
Produce fluid for sperm transport
-phagocytose excess spermatids cytoplasm as development proceeds
-release sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
What Sertoli cells form
Blood testis barrier
What Sertoli cells release
inhibin, regulate testosterone and Focllicle stimulating hormone)
Leydig cells
AKA Interstitial cells
Located in the spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules
responsible for producing and secreting androgens, mainly Testosterone.
Sperm development
Approx 75 days
Spermatogenesis
Decent of Testes
Testes develop near kidney on posterior abdominal wall
They descend into scrotum by passing through inguinal canal - during 7th month of fetal development
cryptorchidism
Failure of the testes to descend that may involve one or both testes
- Untreated bilateral cryptochidism results in sterility and a greater risk of testicular cancer (50X)
- Descend spontaneously 80% of time during the first year of life
- if not….surgical treatment necessary before 18 months
Failure of the testes to descend that may involve one or both testes
Cryptorchidism
Pathway of sperm flow through the ducts of the Testis
Seminiferous tubules - straight tubules - Rete testis - Efferent ducts - Ductus epididymis - ductus (vas) deferens
1.5 inch long along posterior border of each testes
Epididymis
Epididymys
A comma shaped organ with Head, body and tail region
Multiple efferent ducts become a single ductus epididymis in the head region (20 foot tube if uncoiled)
Tail region continues as ductus deferens.
Ductus Epididymis
Line with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and layer of smooth muscle; propels sperm onward
Is the site of sperm maturation and storage
Motility increases over 2 week period
Where the sperm stored and for how long? What happens after?
Sperm may remain in storage in Ductus Epididymis for 1-2 months after which they are either expelled toward the urethra during ejaculation or degenerated and reabsorbed
What is the procedure for Male sterilization called?
Vasectomy
Vas deferens cut and tied off
Sperm production continues, sperm degenerate.
100% effective, 40% reversible
Ductus (Vas) Deferens
Pathway of 18 inch muscular tube
- ascend along posterior border of epididymis
- passes up through spermatic cord and inguinal ligament
- reaches posterior surface of urinary bladder
- empties into prostatic urethra with seminal vesicle
- Lined with pseudostratified columnar
- Epithelium and covered with heay coating muscle
How many lobules in Testis
200-300
What structures passing to and from the testes
Spermatic cord including
- testicular arteries
- pampiniform plexus of veins
- Automomic nerves
- Lymphatic vessels
- Ductus (vas) deferens
- Cremaster muscle
Which structures forms Ejaculatory duct
Seminal vesicles and Ductus deferens
What is the function of Ejaculatory ducts
Eject spermatozoa into a prostatic urethra
Adds fluid to prostatic urethra just before ejaculation
about 1 inch long
what is the function of Urethra and different type of Urethra
8 inch long passage way for urine and semen -Prostatic urethra Membranous urethra (passes through Ureogenital diaphragm) Spongy urethra (through corpus spongiosum)
What is inguinal canal
The inguinal canal is 2 inch long tunnel through the 3 muscles of the anterior abdominal wall
- originates at deep inguinal ring and ends at superficial ring
What is Hernia
A rupture or separation of a portion of the abdominal wall resulting in the protrusion of a part of an organ (most commonly the small or large intestine)
Two types of hernia
Indirect hernia - loop of intestine protruding through deep ring
Direct hernia - loop of intestine pushes through posterior wall of inguinal canal
Pair of pouch like organs found posterior to the base of bladder
Seminal vesicles
What does seminal vesicle do
70% of semen volume secrete an alkaline (neutralize acid in the male urethra and female reproductive tract), viscous fluid that contain fructose (for ATP production), prostaglandins (contribute to sperm motility and viability), and clotting proteins
What causes coagulation of semen after ejaculation
Semenogelin, the protein
A donut-shaped gland about the size of a walnut, lies inferior to the urinary bladder
Prostate Gland surrounds the prostatic urethra
What Prostate gland secretes
20% of semen volume and contribute to sperm motility and viability, milky, slightly acidic fluid contains
- citric acid (used by sperm for ATP production)
- proteolytic enzymes (such as prostate specific antigen, PSA, pepsinogen, lysozyme, amylase and hyalurnidase) and lead coagulation and subsequent liquefaction of semen
- Seminal plasmin is an antibiotic that may decrease naturally occurring bacteria in the semen and female reproductive tract
- Secretions enter prostatic urethra through many duct openings
- enlarge with age
a common group of disorders which may be characterized by symptoms such as difficult urination, urinary frequency ad pain, or which may be asymptomatic
Prostatitis
common urological condition caused by the non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland as men get older
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Symptoms of Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- need of frequently empty the bladder
- Difficulty in beginning to urinate
- dribbling after urination ends
- decreased size and strength of the urine stream
- sensation that the bladder is not empty even after urinating
- inability to postpone urination once the urge to urinate begins
- pushing or straining in order to urinate
How does doctor check BPH
Digital rectal exam
paired, pea-sized gland within the urogenital diaphragm
Bulbourethral or Cowper’s glands
What does Bulbourethral glands do
5% of semen volume
Secretion contain mucus for lubrication and an alkaline substance that neutralizes acid from urine
Ducts open into spongy urthra
what Semen contains
Sperm (spermatozoa, 2.5-5 ml in volume, 50-150 miliion/ml normal sperm count) and seminal fluid from accessory sex gland
which provides are transported, nutrients and neutralizes the acidity of the male urethra and female vagina
Antibiotic, seminal plasmin and prostatic enzymes that coagulate and the liquefy semen to aid in its movement through the uterine cervix
What happens to semen after ejaculated
coagulates within 5 min because of semenogelin, main protein, then liquifies in 15 min because of proteolytic enzyme such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), etc
What penis contains and what is the role
the urethra and is the passageway for urine and the ejaculation of semen
bulb +Crura = root
body and gland penis
Root of penis is
The base of corpus spongiosum enclosed by bulbospongiosus muscle
Crura of penis or ends of corpora cavernosa enclosed by ishiocavernousus muscle
The body of penis is composed of
3 erectile tissue masses
- 2 paired corpora cavernosa penis
- 1 unpaired corpus spongiosum penis
filled with blood sinuses
lined by endothelial cells
surrounded by smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue
Corpora cavernosa
upper paired erectile tissue masses
begins as crura of the penis attached to the ischial and pubic ami and covered by ischiocavernosus muscle
Corpus spongiosum
lower unpaired erectile tissue mass
surrounds urethra
beings as bulb of penis covered by bulbospongiosus muscle
ends as glans penis
what is corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum covered by
tunica albuginea
Glans penis
Enlarged distal end of corpus spongiosum
At the distal end is the external urethral orifice, a small slit
The prepuse or foreskin covers the uncircumcised glans penis
Circumsision
removal of prepuse 3-4 days after birth, possibly lowers UTIs cancer and sexually transmitted disease
Erection is what reflex
Parasympathetic
sexual stimulation causes
dilation of arteries supplying the penis.
What mediates local vasodilation of the erection
Nitric oxide
Veins compressed and blood is trapped
Ejaculation is what reflex
sympathetic reflex
Muscle contractions close sphincter at base of bladder
What contracts during Ejaculation
muscle contractions close sphincter at base of bladder
Peristaltic contractions in the ductus deferens, seminal vesicles,
Ejaculatory ducts and prostate propel semen into the penile portion of the spongy urethra
Ischiocavernous and bubospongiosus promote emission
