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A&P FT300 > Male reproductive system > Flashcards

Male reproductive system Flashcards

0
Q

…..produces one cell with one set of chromosomes from each parent cells called ….

A

Germ fertilization

Gametes

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1
Q

Sexual reproduction is a process by which in which organisms produce offspring by means germ cells called …

A

gametes

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2
Q

organs of reproduction that produce gametes and secrete hormones

A

Gonads
Testes for male
Ovaries for female

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3
Q

organ produces sperm and secrete hormones

A

Testes

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4
Q

Organ Transport, receive and store gametes

A

ducts (ductus epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra)

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5
Q

Produce materials that support gametes and facilitate their movement

A

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

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6
Q

assist in the delivery of gametes

A

Supporting structures include the scrotum and penis

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7
Q

4 Function of the male reproductive system

A
  1. The testes produce sperm and male sex hormones testosterone
  2. the ducts transport, store and assist in maturation of sperm
  3. the accessory sex glands secrete most of the liquid portion of sperm
  4. The penis contains the urethra a passage way for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine
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8
Q

specialized branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system

A

Gynecology

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9
Q

specialized study for male reproductive system

A

Andrology

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10
Q

specialized study of urinary sytem

A

Urology

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11
Q

A cutaneous out-pouching of the abdomen that supports the testes internally

A

scrotum

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12
Q

a vertical septum divides it into two sacs

A

scrotal septum: each sac contains a single testis

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13
Q

The name of the muscle causes wrinkling found in scrotal septum

A

Dartos muscle

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14
Q

How many degree from the body temperature required for the sperm to survive?

A

3 degrees lower than core body temperature

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15
Q

Which muscle elevates testes (to cool)?

A

Cremaster muscle in spermatic cord

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16
Q

Serous membrane derived from the peritoneum partially covers the testes

A

Tunica Vaginalis

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17
Q

Dense white capsule found internal to Tunica Vaginalis

A

Tunica albuginea - septa form 200-300 compartments called lobules

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18
Q

each lobule is filled with ….

A

2- or 3 seminiferous tubules where sperm are formed (spermatogenisis)

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19
Q

2 main types of sperm development cells

A

Spermatogenic cells - the stem cell type that gives rise to mature sperm; note: final maturation in epididymis

Sertoli cells (aka sustentacular cells - support “spermatogenesis”)

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20
Q

Spermatogenic cells

A

Primordial germ cell sin yolk sac migrate at 5th week to testes
Differentiate into spermatogonia - stay dormant until puberty
cells mature progressively as they move toward lumen of seminiferous tubule.

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21
Q

Order of sperm maturation

A

Spermatogonium - primary spermatocytes - secondary spermatocyte - spermatid - sperm cells or spermatozoon

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22
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Deep to the basement membrane tight junctions join neighbouring Sertoli cells to form the blood testis barrier that prevents an immune response against the surface antigens of the developing sperm cells
- Protect, support, and nourishing developing sperm
- Releases inhibin; regulate testosterone and FSH (Follicle stimulating Hormone)
Produce fluid for sperm transport
-phagocytose excess spermatids cytoplasm as development proceeds
-release sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

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23
Q

What Sertoli cells form

A

Blood testis barrier

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24
Q

What Sertoli cells release

A

inhibin, regulate testosterone and Focllicle stimulating hormone)

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25
Q

Leydig cells

A

AKA Interstitial cells
Located in the spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules
responsible for producing and secreting androgens, mainly Testosterone.

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26
Q

Sperm development

A

Approx 75 days

Spermatogenesis

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27
Q

Decent of Testes

A

Testes develop near kidney on posterior abdominal wall

They descend into scrotum by passing through inguinal canal - during 7th month of fetal development

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28
Q

cryptorchidism

A

Failure of the testes to descend that may involve one or both testes

  • Untreated bilateral cryptochidism results in sterility and a greater risk of testicular cancer (50X)
  • Descend spontaneously 80% of time during the first year of life
  • if not….surgical treatment necessary before 18 months
29
Q

Failure of the testes to descend that may involve one or both testes

A

Cryptorchidism

30
Q

Pathway of sperm flow through the ducts of the Testis

A

Seminiferous tubules - straight tubules - Rete testis - Efferent ducts - Ductus epididymis - ductus (vas) deferens

31
Q

1.5 inch long along posterior border of each testes

A

Epididymis

32
Q

Epididymys

A

A comma shaped organ with Head, body and tail region
Multiple efferent ducts become a single ductus epididymis in the head region (20 foot tube if uncoiled)
Tail region continues as ductus deferens.

33
Q

Ductus Epididymis

A

Line with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and layer of smooth muscle; propels sperm onward

Is the site of sperm maturation and storage
Motility increases over 2 week period

34
Q

Where the sperm stored and for how long? What happens after?

A

Sperm may remain in storage in Ductus Epididymis for 1-2 months after which they are either expelled toward the urethra during ejaculation or degenerated and reabsorbed

35
Q

What is the procedure for Male sterilization called?

A

Vasectomy
Vas deferens cut and tied off
Sperm production continues, sperm degenerate.
100% effective, 40% reversible

36
Q

Ductus (Vas) Deferens

A

Pathway of 18 inch muscular tube

  • ascend along posterior border of epididymis
  • passes up through spermatic cord and inguinal ligament
  • reaches posterior surface of urinary bladder
  • empties into prostatic urethra with seminal vesicle
  • Lined with pseudostratified columnar
  • Epithelium and covered with heay coating muscle
37
Q

How many lobules in Testis

A

200-300

38
Q

What structures passing to and from the testes

A

Spermatic cord including

  • testicular arteries
  • pampiniform plexus of veins
  • Automomic nerves
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Ductus (vas) deferens
  • Cremaster muscle
39
Q

Which structures forms Ejaculatory duct

A

Seminal vesicles and Ductus deferens

40
Q

What is the function of Ejaculatory ducts

A

Eject spermatozoa into a prostatic urethra
Adds fluid to prostatic urethra just before ejaculation
about 1 inch long

41
Q

what is the function of Urethra and different type of Urethra

A 
8 inch long passage way for urine and semen
-Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra (passes through Ureogenital diaphragm)
Spongy urethra (through corpus spongiosum)
42
Q

What is inguinal canal

A

The inguinal canal is 2 inch long tunnel through the 3 muscles of the anterior abdominal wall
- originates at deep inguinal ring and ends at superficial ring

43
Q

What is Hernia

A

A rupture or separation of a portion of the abdominal wall resulting in the protrusion of a part of an organ (most commonly the small or large intestine)

44
Q

Two types of hernia

A

Indirect hernia - loop of intestine protruding through deep ring
Direct hernia - loop of intestine pushes through posterior wall of inguinal canal

45
Q

Pair of pouch like organs found posterior to the base of bladder

A

Seminal vesicles

46
Q

What does seminal vesicle do

A

70% of semen volume secrete an alkaline (neutralize acid in the male urethra and female reproductive tract), viscous fluid that contain fructose (for ATP production), prostaglandins (contribute to sperm motility and viability), and clotting proteins

47
Q

What causes coagulation of semen after ejaculation

A

Semenogelin, the protein

48
Q

A donut-shaped gland about the size of a walnut, lies inferior to the urinary bladder

A

Prostate Gland surrounds the prostatic urethra

49
Q

What Prostate gland secretes

A

20% of semen volume and contribute to sperm motility and viability, milky, slightly acidic fluid contains

  • citric acid (used by sperm for ATP production)
  • proteolytic enzymes (such as prostate specific antigen, PSA, pepsinogen, lysozyme, amylase and hyalurnidase) and lead coagulation and subsequent liquefaction of semen
  • Seminal plasmin is an antibiotic that may decrease naturally occurring bacteria in the semen and female reproductive tract
  • Secretions enter prostatic urethra through many duct openings
  • enlarge with age
50
Q

a common group of disorders which may be characterized by symptoms such as difficult urination, urinary frequency ad pain, or which may be asymptomatic

A

Prostatitis

51
Q

common urological condition caused by the non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland as men get older

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

52
Q

Symptoms of Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A
  • need of frequently empty the bladder
  • Difficulty in beginning to urinate
  • dribbling after urination ends
  • decreased size and strength of the urine stream
  • sensation that the bladder is not empty even after urinating
  • inability to postpone urination once the urge to urinate begins
  • pushing or straining in order to urinate
53
Q

How does doctor check BPH

A

Digital rectal exam

54
Q

paired, pea-sized gland within the urogenital diaphragm

A

Bulbourethral or Cowper’s glands

55
Q

What does Bulbourethral glands do

A

5% of semen volume
Secretion contain mucus for lubrication and an alkaline substance that neutralizes acid from urine
Ducts open into spongy urthra

56
Q

what Semen contains

A

Sperm (spermatozoa, 2.5-5 ml in volume, 50-150 miliion/ml normal sperm count) and seminal fluid from accessory sex gland
which provides are transported, nutrients and neutralizes the acidity of the male urethra and female vagina

Antibiotic, seminal plasmin and prostatic enzymes that coagulate and the liquefy semen to aid in its movement through the uterine cervix

57
Q

What happens to semen after ejaculated

A

coagulates within 5 min because of semenogelin, main protein, then liquifies in 15 min because of proteolytic enzyme such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), etc

58
Q

What penis contains and what is the role

A

the urethra and is the passageway for urine and the ejaculation of semen
bulb +Crura = root
body and gland penis

59
Q

Root of penis is

A

The base of corpus spongiosum enclosed by bulbospongiosus muscle
Crura of penis or ends of corpora cavernosa enclosed by ishiocavernousus muscle

60
Q

The body of penis is composed of

A

3 erectile tissue masses

  1. 2 paired corpora cavernosa penis
  2. 1 unpaired corpus spongiosum penis

filled with blood sinuses
lined by endothelial cells
surrounded by smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue

61
Q

Corpora cavernosa

A

upper paired erectile tissue masses

begins as crura of the penis attached to the ischial and pubic ami and covered by ischiocavernosus muscle

62
Q

Corpus spongiosum

A

lower unpaired erectile tissue mass
surrounds urethra
beings as bulb of penis covered by bulbospongiosus muscle
ends as glans penis

63
Q

what is corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum covered by

A

tunica albuginea

64
Q

Glans penis

A

Enlarged distal end of corpus spongiosum
At the distal end is the external urethral orifice, a small slit
The prepuse or foreskin covers the uncircumcised glans penis

65
Q

Circumsision

A

removal of prepuse 3-4 days after birth, possibly lowers UTIs cancer and sexually transmitted disease

66
Q

Erection is what reflex

A

Parasympathetic

67
Q

sexual stimulation causes

A

dilation of arteries supplying the penis.

68
Q

What mediates local vasodilation of the erection

A

Nitric oxide

Veins compressed and blood is trapped

69
Q

Ejaculation is what reflex

A

sympathetic reflex

Muscle contractions close sphincter at base of bladder

70
Q

What contracts during Ejaculation

A

muscle contractions close sphincter at base of bladder
Peristaltic contractions in the ductus deferens, seminal vesicles,
Ejaculatory ducts and prostate propel semen into the penile portion of the spongy urethra
Ischiocavernous and bubospongiosus promote emission

A&P FT300 (13 decks)

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