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A&P FT300 > Integumentary system 1 > Flashcards

Integumentary system 1 Flashcards

0
Q

what % is skin in total body weight

A

7%, 10lb

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1
Q

Skin aka

A

cutaneous membrane

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2
Q

function of integumentary system

A
  1. Regulate body temperature
  2. stores blood
  3. protects body from external environment
  4. Detects cutaneous sensations/provides sensory information about the surrounding environment
  5. Excretes and absorbs substances
  6. Synthesizes Vit. D
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3
Q

Epidermis

A

superficial thinner portion layer
contains epithelial tissue
Avascular
Stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Dermis

A

Deep thicker portion/layer
Contains connective tissue
Vascular

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5
Q

Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis

A 
Not a part of the skin
Attaches dermis to underlaying fascia
contains areolar and adipose tissue
Functions
Fat storage
an area of blood vessel passage
an area of pressure-sensing nerve endings
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6
Q

Deep to subcutaneous layer

A

Fascia

the connective tissue around muscle and bone

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7
Q

5 (or 4) layer of the Epidermis

A 
Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
Stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum (only in palms ad soles)
stratum corneum
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8
Q

Four principle cells of the Epidermis

A

Keratinocytes - produce the protein keratin. waterproof sealant
Melanocytes - produce the pigment melanin for skin color and absorbs uv light
Langerhans cells - derived from bone marrow, participating in immune response
merkel cells - sensory structure called tactile (Merkel) disc and function in the sensation of touch

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9
Q

slowly senses touch near surface

A

Merkel (tactile) disc

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10
Q

Rapidly senses touch near surface

A

Meissner corpuscle

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11
Q

Slowly senses stretching in deep layers of skin

A

Ruffini corpuscle

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12
Q

Senses movement of the hair

A

Hair root plexus

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13
Q

Senses pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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14
Q

Free nerve endings that senses pain rapidly

A

Nociceptors

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15
Q

What does stratum basale aka stratum germinativum have

A
  1. Deepest layer, a single row cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
  2. contains merkel cells, melanocytes, keratinocytes and stem cells that divide repeatedly to produce keratinocytes
  3. Keratinocytes have a cytoskelton of tonofilaments
  4. cells attached to each other and to basement membrane by desmosomes and hemi-desmosomes
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16
Q

When the germinal portion of the epidermis is destroyed…

A

new skin can not regenerate with a skin graft

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17
Q

Stratum spinosum is

A
  • providing strength and flexibility to the skin
  • 8-10 cell layers are held together by desmosomes
  • During slide preparation, cells shrink and appear spiny (where attached to other cells by desmosomes)
  • Melanin is taken in by keratinocytes (via phagocytosis) from nearby melanocytes
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18
Q

Stratum Granulosum is

A

transition between the deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata

  • 3-5 layers of flat dying cells that show nuclear degeneration (example of apoptosis)
  • contain lamellar granules that release lipid that repels water
  • contain dark-staining keratohyalin granules that convert tonofilaments into keratin
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19
Q

Stratum Lucidum is

A

only in the finger tips, palms, soles
three to five layers of clear, flat, dead cells
contains precursor of keratin

20
Q

Stratum corneum is

A
  • 25-30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids
  • continuously shed
  • barrier to light, heat, water, chemicals and bacteria
  • lamellar granules in this layer make it water-repellent
  • constant exposure to friction will cause this layer to increase in depth with the formation of a callus, an abnormal thickening of the epidermis
21
Q

Keratinization is

A

replacement of cell contents with the protein keratin, occurs as cells move to the skin surface over 4-6 weeks

22
Q

what hormon plays a role in epidermal growth

A

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

23
Q

What is dandruff

A

an excessive amount of keratinized cells shed from the skin of the scalp

24
Q

a chronic skin disorder characterized by a more rapid division and movement of keratinocytes through the epidermal strata

A

Psoriasis
cells shed in 7-1- days as flaky silvery scales
commonly found at knees, elbows and scalp

25
Q

skin grafts (3)

A

autograft - self
isograft - twin
autologous graft - patient’s skin grown in culture

26
Q

Dermis is

A

connective tissue layer composed of collagen and elastin fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages and fat cells
contains hair follicles, glands, nerves and blood vessels
THICKER than the epidermis, thickness varies, thickest in sole and palms

27
Q

Two major regions of dermis

A

papillary region

reticular region

28
Q

papillary region

A

top 20 %
thin Areolar collagen tissue and fine elastic fibres for strength and extensibility, adipose cells, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous gland
surface area is increased by finger like projections - dermal papillae

29
Q

Dermal papillae does (3)

A
  • anchors epidermis to dermis
  • contain capillaries that feed epidermis
  • contains Meissner’s corpuscles (touch) and free nerve endings for sensations of heat, cold, pain, tickle and itch
30
Q

The reticular region

A

bottom 80% of dermis
attached to the subcutaneous layer
Dense irregular connective tissue
contains interlacing collagen and elastic fibres
contains oil glands, sweat gland, ducts, fat and hair follicles, blood vessels, nerves
provides strength, extensibility and elasticity to skin

31
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

from as downward projections of the epidermis in fetus (3 month)
Epidermis confirms to dermal papillae
Finger prints are left by sweat glands open on ridges
increase grip of hand

32
Q

dermal tears from extreme stretching

A

stretch marks

33
Q

3 pigments contributing to Skin color

A

Melanin - pale-yellow to reddish-brown to black
Carotene - yellow-orange pigment that gives egg yolks and carrots their color (located in Dermis, precursor of vitamin A used to synthesize pigments needed for vision)
Hemoglobin: red, oxygen-carrying pigment in blood cells

34
Q

Where is Melanin produced and what converts to melanin?

A

produced in epidermis by melanocytes
melanocytes convert TYROSINE to melanin
UV in sunlight increases melanin production
Same number of melanocytes in everyone, but different amount of pigments produced

35
Q

Where is Carotene found?

A

in dermis, in stratum corneum and dermis

36
Q

paleness maybe due to shock or anemia

A

pallor

37
Q

yellow color to skin and whites of eyes due to build up of yellow bilirubin in blood from lier disease

A

jaundice

38
Q

bluish color to nail beds and skin due to hemoglobin depleted of oxygen

A

cyanosis

39
Q

redness of skin due to enlargement of capillaries in dermis

A

Erythema - inflammation, infection, allergy or burns

40
Q

Frecles

A

genetic prediposition

melanin accumulates in patches, reddish brown

41
Q

age spots

A

(liver spots)
Flat blemishes, light brown to black (darker than freckles)
accumulations of melanin over time due to sunlight
don’t fade in winter
>40 years of age

42
Q

Nevus (mole)

A

Develops in childhood or adolescence

round flat or raised benign over-growth of melanocytes

43
Q

inherited inability to produce melanin due to melanocytes inability to produce tyrosinase

A

Albinism

Affects vision and sunburn easily

44
Q

Complete or partial loss of melanocytes from patches of skin creates white spots

A

Vitiligo

may be due to an auto-immune response in which antibodies attack melanocytes

45
Q

Collagen fibers in reticular region orient in one direction

A 
Tension lines (indicate direction of fibers)
Surgery along direction of fibers decreases scarring
46
Q

Pigment injected into dermis

A

Tatooing

47
Q

Body piercing may interfere with

A 
resuscitation masks
airway management procedures
urinary catheters
radiographs
delivery of baby

A&P FT300 (13 decks)

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