respiratory review

Question 1

airflow pathway

Answer 1

nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 2

conducting, respiratory & transitional zones

Answer 2

c: no absorption, mucous
r: gas exchange, no mucous
t: minimal gas exchange, no mucous

Question 3

inspiration vs expiration muscles / nerves

Answer 3

i: active, diaphragm, phrenic nerve, external intercostal muscles, accessory muscles in neck

e: passive, abdominal muscles, motor neurons, internal intercostal muscles

Question 4

7 non-respiratory functions

Answer 4

1) water loss regulation
2) circulation
3) acid-base balance
4) defense
5) removal of materials
6) olfaction
7) sound production

Question 5

TV

Answer 5

tidal volume, volume of air expired during tidal expiration

Question 6

IRV

Answer 6

inspiratory reserve volume, volume of air that can be expired after inspiration

Question 7

IC

Answer 7

inspiratory capacity, max amount of air that can be expired

Question 8

ERV

Answer 8

expiratory reserve volume, additional air that can e further expelled after tidal expiration

Question 9

RV

Answer 9

residual volume, amount of air in the lungs that cannot be expelled

Question 10

FRC

Answer 10

functional residual capacity, amount of air that resides in the lungs after tidal expiration

Question 11

VC

Answer 11

vital capacity, amount of air that can be expelled from lungs after max inspiration

Question 12

TLC

Answer 12

total lung capacity, total amount of air the lungs can hold

Question 13

tidal volume volume

Answer 13

500mL

Question 14

residual volume

Answer 14

1200mL

Question 15

anatomical dead space

Answer 15

old air that remains in airways after inhalation, 150mL remains

Question 16

obstructive spirogram

Answer 16

delay in exhale drop

Question 17

restrictive spirograhm

Answer 17

2nd drop before inhalation

Question 18

obstructive vs restrictive lung disease

Answer 18

o- cannot exhale properly- asthma & cystic fibrosis
r- cannot inhale properly- obesity & pulmonary fibrosis

Question 19

inspiration vs expiration biomechanics

Answer 19

i- diaphgram contracts, chest cavity expands, interpleural pressure decreases (756-754), lung volume increases, alveolar pressure drops (760-759)

e- muscles relax, chest cavity relaxes, lung volume decreases, alveolar pressure increases (760-761)

Question 20

pneumothorax

Answer 20

loss of sub-atmospheric pressure in pleural cavity = lungs do not expand on inspiration

Question 21

lung elasticity vs compliance

Answer 21

e- ability to relax the lungs (empty)
c- ability to stretch the lungs (fill)

Question 22

low vs high compliance

Answer 22

low: scar tissue, lungs cannot inflate, pulmonary fibrosis
high: airways collapse on themselves, lung is stuck in open position, emphysema

Question 23

surfactant prevents

Answer 23

collapse of alveoli

Question 24

how does ficks law improve / reduce diffusion

Answer 24

improve: maximize stuff on top during exercise

reduce: maximize stuff on bottom = thickness can increase from pulmonary fibrosis

Question 25

right vs left shift

Answer 25

right = bohr, Hb can drop off more O2 to tissues left- CO poisoning, Hb forms COHb, stuck in R state = Hb is unable to drop off O2

Question 26

how can myoglobin help oxygen diffusion

Answer 26

favours diffusion from blood -> cells

Question 27

3 ways CO2 is transported back to lung

Answer 27

1) CO2 is dissolved in blood 2) CO2 is bound to Hb 3) turned into bicarb

Question 28

DRG vs VRG

Answer 28

DRG: fire for inspiration VRG: fire for inspiration & expiration, used when DRG needs help

Question 29

pre-botizinger complex

Answer 29

neurons with pacemaker activity to stimulate DRG

Question 30

what does the pneumotaxis centre do

Answer 30

inhibits DRG

Question 31

what does the apenustic centre do

Answer 31

activates DRG

Question 32

hering-breuer reflex

Answer 32

sense stretching of airways & activates pneumotaxis center

Question 33

peripheral vs central chemoreceptors respond to

Answer 33

P: H and PO2 in blood C: H, PCO2 & PO2 in brain

Question 34

what is V/Q

Answer 34

ventilation to diffusion ratio

Question 35

V/Q < 1 (CO2 vs O2)

Answer 35

V is too low CO2 increases = bronchodilation O2 decreases = vasoconstriction obstruction of airways = mucous/fluid

Question 36

V/Q > 1

Answer 36

Q is too low CO2 decreases = bronchoconstriction O2= vasodilation pulmonary embolism

Question 37

why did people use birds as air quality sentinels?

Answer 37

they accumulate CO faster b/c they breathe more than mammals

Question 38

how do fish breathe

Answer 38

flow through respiration, ram ventilation, gills

Question 39

spiracle

Answer 39

hole behind eye in cartilangous fishes that serves for water entry when mouth is closed

Question 40

why are fish more efficient in respiration

Answer 40

they do not use tidal breathing

Question 41

inspiration/expiration pathway in birds

Answer 41

air enters caudal air sacs-> lungs anterior air sacs expand & suck air in then pushes air out of sacs