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VBMS 325 > respiratory review > Flashcards

respiratory review Flashcards

1
Q

airflow pathway

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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2
Q

conducting, respiratory & transitional zones

A

c: no absorption, mucous
r: gas exchange, no mucous
t: minimal gas exchange, no mucous

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3
Q

inspiration vs expiration muscles / nerves

A

i: active, diaphragm, phrenic nerve, external intercostal muscles, accessory muscles in neck

e: passive, abdominal muscles, motor neurons, internal intercostal muscles

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4
Q

7 non-respiratory functions

A

1) water loss regulation
2) circulation
3) acid-base balance
4) defense
5) removal of materials
6) olfaction
7) sound production

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5
Q

TV

A

tidal volume, volume of air expired during tidal expiration

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6
Q

IRV

A

inspiratory reserve volume, volume of air that can be expired after inspiration

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7
Q

IC

A

inspiratory capacity, max amount of air that can be expired

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8
Q

ERV

A

expiratory reserve volume, additional air that can e further expelled after tidal expiration

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9
Q

RV

A

residual volume, amount of air in the lungs that cannot be expelled

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10
Q

FRC

A

functional residual capacity, amount of air that resides in the lungs after tidal expiration

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11
Q

VC

A

vital capacity, amount of air that can be expelled from lungs after max inspiration

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12
Q

TLC

A

total lung capacity, total amount of air the lungs can hold

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13
Q

tidal volume volume

A

500mL

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14
Q

residual volume

A

1200mL

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15
Q

anatomical dead space

A

old air that remains in airways after inhalation, 150mL remains

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16
Q

obstructive spirogram

A

delay in exhale drop

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17
Q

restrictive spirograhm

A

2nd drop before inhalation

18
Q

obstructive vs restrictive lung disease

A

o- cannot exhale properly- asthma & cystic fibrosis
r- cannot inhale properly- obesity & pulmonary fibrosis

19
Q

inspiration vs expiration biomechanics

A

i- diaphgram contracts, chest cavity expands, interpleural pressure decreases (756-754), lung volume increases, alveolar pressure drops (760-759)

e- muscles relax, chest cavity relaxes, lung volume decreases, alveolar pressure increases (760-761)

20
Q

pneumothorax

A

loss of sub-atmospheric pressure in pleural cavity = lungs do not expand on inspiration

21
Q

lung elasticity vs compliance

A

e- ability to relax the lungs (empty)
c- ability to stretch the lungs (fill)

22
Q

low vs high compliance

A

low: scar tissue, lungs cannot inflate, pulmonary fibrosis
high: airways collapse on themselves, lung is stuck in open position, emphysema

23
Q

surfactant prevents

A

collapse of alveoli

24
Q

how does ficks law improve / reduce diffusion

A

improve: maximize stuff on top during exercise

reduce: maximize stuff on bottom = thickness can increase from pulmonary fibrosis

25
Q

right vs left shift

A

right = bohr, Hb can drop off more O2 to tissues
left- CO poisoning, Hb forms COHb, stuck in R state = Hb is unable to drop off O2

26
Q

how can myoglobin help oxygen diffusion

A

favours diffusion from blood -> cells

27
Q

3 ways CO2 is transported back to lung

A

1) CO2 is dissolved in blood
2) CO2 is bound to Hb
3) turned into bicarb

28
Q

DRG vs VRG

A

DRG: fire for inspiration
VRG: fire for inspiration & expiration, used when DRG needs help

29
Q

pre-botizinger complex

A

neurons with pacemaker activity to stimulate DRG

30
Q

what does the pneumotaxis centre do

A

inhibits DRG

31
Q

what does the apenustic centre do

A

activates DRG

32
Q

hering-breuer reflex

A

sense stretching of airways & activates pneumotaxis center

33
Q

peripheral vs central chemoreceptors respond to

A

P: H and PO2 in blood
C: H, PCO2 & PO2 in brain

34
Q

what is V/Q

A

ventilation to diffusion ratio

35
Q

V/Q < 1
(CO2 vs O2)

A

V is too low
CO2 increases = bronchodilation
O2 decreases = vasoconstriction
obstruction of airways = mucous/fluid

36
Q

V/Q > 1

A

Q is too low
CO2 decreases = bronchoconstriction
O2= vasodilation
pulmonary embolism

37
Q

why did people use birds as air quality sentinels?

A

they accumulate CO faster b/c they breathe more than mammals

38
Q

how do fish breathe

A

flow through respiration, ram ventilation, gills

39
Q

spiracle

A

hole behind eye in cartilangous fishes that serves for water entry when mouth is closed

40
Q

why are fish more efficient in respiration

A

they do not use tidal breathing

41
Q

inspiration/expiration pathway in birds

A

air enters caudal air sacs-> lungs

anterior air sacs expand & suck air in then pushes air out of sacs

VBMS 325 (17 decks)

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