Module 1- Respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
Cellular respiration
A
process of breaking down food molecule to release ATP
2
Q
ventilation- CO2 vs O2
A
O2: environment -> cells
CO2: cells -> environment
3
Q
ficks law determines what
A
rate of diffusion
4
Q
ficks law equation
A
Q = delta C x A x D / delta X
5
Q
how to maximize diffusion
A
maximize stuff on top of equation & minimize stuff on bottom
6
Q
air pathway
A
nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
7
Q
conducting zone
A
gas transport, no absorption & covered in mucous
8
Q
respiratory zone
A
gas exchange, no mucous to slow diffusion down
9
Q
pleural cavity
A
made of 2 layers, sticks to lungs & ribs
10
Q
T or F: if you lose pleural cavity then you lose ability to breathe
A
T
11
Q
transitional zone
A
minimal gas exchange, no muscous
12
Q
obligate nasal breathers
A
epiglottis seals trachea from oral cavity = cannot breathe through mouth
horse
13
Q
inspiration vs expiration muscles
A
inspiration: active, diaphragm, external intercostal muscles & accessory muscles in neck
expiration: passive, abdominal muscles & internal intercostal muscles
14
Q
internal intercostal muscles
A
contract to bring ribs down & allow expiration
15
Q
3 parts to nasal conchae (turbinates)
A
superior, middle & interior
16
Q
purpose of nasal turbinates
A
warms & moistens the air that you breathe in
17
Q
what animals have larger nasal turbinates
A
desert animals
18
Q
non-respiratory functions
A
1) regulation of water loss/heat exchange
2) circulation
3) acid-base balance
4) defence
5) removal of materials
6) olfaction
7) sound production
19
Q
mediastinum
A
respiratory pump that facilitates venous return- must be low pressure
20
Q
how does respiration control pH
A
accumulate & then breathe out protons
21
Q
adenoids
A
lymphatic tissues that ensure no pathogens come through by trapping bacteria
22
Q
mucocillary escalator
A
- goblet cells secrete mucous
- cilia beat down-> up to bring mucous up & out to throat
23
Q
sneezing reflex
A
gets rid of anything irritating higher up by clearing nose (aka sneezing)
24
Q
alveolar macrophages
A
swallow & destroy bacteria and can be inhibited by stress
25
what occurs if there is no cilia
no mucociliary escalator = accumulation of mucous
26
prostaglandins
chemical messengers that mediate local response and are deactivated when they reach the lungs
27
lungs generate what hormone
angiotension II
28
angiotension II
hormone that regulates blood pressure
29
why do you lose your smell with a cold
everything is coated in mucous = no messaging for smells
30
tidal volume increases & ( ) decreases as animals get larger
respiratory rate
31
pulmonary ventilation equation
= tidal volume x respiratory rate
32
anatomic dead space
old air remaining in conducting airways
33
physiological dead space=
anatomical dead space + alveolar air with no blood supply
34
equipment dead space
anything that increases respiratory tract volume (tube or mask)
35
FEV1%=
FEV1/VC
36
FEV1 =
around 80
37
obstructive lung disease & example
cannot exhale easily due to narrowing of airways
example) asthma
38
restrictive lung disease & example
cannot inhale as easily due to lung stiffness or lung restrictiveness
example) pulmonary fibrosis, obesity
39
negative pressure breathing
need pressure in lungs to be lower than atmospheric pressure so air can move into the lungs
40
pleural cavity -> interpleural pressure change? why?
760mmHg -> 756
as lung recoils there is lower pressure
41
boyles law
volume & pressure are inversely proportional
42
why is expiration passive
bc there is a transmural pressure gradient that sucks it back up
43
as lung volume decreases, inter-pleural pressure
increases
44
purpose of interpleural pressure
prevents lungs from collapsing on themselves
45
respiratory pump
lower pressure in mediastinum helps venous return
46
pneumothorax & cause
loss of sub-atmospheric pressure in pleural cavity
- caused by hole in chest or lung
47
lung elasticity
how easily the lung recoils after being stretched
48
elastin fibers
bring lungs back to normal shape
49
alveolar surface tension
liquid adapts to make a sphere due to water
50
surfactant
counteracts pressure by preventing collapse of alveoli
51
compliance vs elasticity
C- ability to stretch the lungs (fill)
E- ability to relax the lungs (empty)
52
law of laplace
when air comes in, there is equal pressure everywhere to avoid the collapse of small alveoli
53
there is more surfactant in ( ) alveoli
small
54
compliance
how much effort is required to stretch the lungs
55
low compliance vs high compliance
low: requires more effort during inspiration
high: no recoil so it requires more effort during expiration
56
infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
no surfactant in lungs yet so need to inject synthetic surfactant so they can breathe
57
pulmonary fibrosis
scar tissue = no elastic = cannot inflate the lung
58
emphysema
lungs are stuck in open position = difficult to breathe out
59
airway resistance
small decrease in radius = large increase in resistance
60
bronchoconstriction & relaxation nerves
B= vagal
R= sympathetic
61
asthma
walls are inflamed & thickened = more fluid = radius of airways decreases = less air reaching lungs
62
asthma attack & treatment
smooth muscle contracts = decreased radius of airways
inhaler with beta-2 agonists
63
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)
mucous accumulation = airway radius decreases
64
chronic bronchitis cause
exposure to irritant (smoking)
more mucous = decreased radius of airways = decreased ventilation
65
necrotic laryngitis
bacterial
66
tracheal collapse
trachea is weakened = collapses = reduced diameter of airways
67
laryngeal paralysis
prevents max opening of trachea
68
brachycephalic syndrome
blocks entrance of trachea at back of throat = saccules are everted = less space for airflow
69
()% of resting metabolic rate is for respiration
3-5
70
T or F: metabolic rate stays the same during excerise
T
71
gas exchange
gas: alveolous -> capillary
CO2: RBC -> alveolus
72
type 1 vs type 2 alveolar cells
1- alveolus
2- secretes surfactants
73
more gas in air =
more pressure the gas will have
74
T or F: pressure is not related to size of the molecule
T
75
alveolar partial pressure of O2 vs CO2
O2= 105
CO2=40
76
gas moves from ( ) to () pressures
high to low
77
deoxygenated blood comes into lungs at ()mmHg
40-46
78
T or F: gas exchange is active
F- it just follows concentration gradient
79
when does gas exchange start
when capillary is in contact with alveoli
80
CO2 is ( ) soluble in water than O2
more
81
pulmonary edema
water accumulates between alveoli & capillaries = left side heart failure
82
fibrosis
thickened alveoli walls
83
pneumonia
accumulation of fluid in alveoli
84
O2 has poor solubility in () water
hot & salty
85
you need ()L of O2 pumped per minute
83
86
T or F: partial pressure of gas is only exerted by gas molecules that are dissolved not blood bound molecules
T
87
()% of O2 is bound to Hb and ()% is dissolved
98.5, 1.5
88
arterial vs venous blood
arterial- bright red
venous- dark red, deoxygenated
89
how is Hb released into blood
the spleen contracts & releases it
90
what 3 things upregulates Hb concentration & what decreases it?
up: activity, seasonal, altitude
down: stress
91
when can myoglobin be present in the blood
after muscle damage
92
how to test for heart attack
if myoglobin is present in blood
93
low of mass action equation
A + B <-> C
94
R vs T state
R= relaxed = all O2
T= tense = no O2
95
PO2 increases as blood moves to
lungs
96
myoglobin role
facilitates diffusion of O2 from blood -> muscles
97
if cell reaches very low PO2 level ( ) will release its O2
myoglobin
98
bohr effect
right shift in dissociation curve that allow Hb to drop off more O2
- tissues are 35% saturated instead of 50%
- occurs only in active tissues
99
3 causes for bohr shift
pH, temp & organic phosphate
100
carbon monoxide
left shift of dissociation curve, Hb has higher affinity for CO so it forms COHb = keeps in R state = Hb is unable to drop O2
101
T or F: it is not the lack of Hb carrying the O2 that kills, it is the lower threshold of release of O2 in the presence of CO that does
T
102
anemia
decreased O2 carrying capacity
103
3 main causes of anemia
1) cannot make iron without RBC
2) hemolytic anemia = jaundice
3) blood loss
104
CO2 travels from ( ) to ( )
tissues -> alveoli
105
3 main ways of CO2 transportation
1) dissolved in blood
2) bound to Hb = forms HbCO2
3) bicarbonate= slow
106
haldane effect
increases removal of CO2
107
how do the bohr effect & haldane effect work together
the more O2 dropped in bohr = more CO2 picked up in haldane
108
cyanide poisoning
inhibits cellular aerobic respiration enzyme = all O2 stays in tissues
109
indication & treatment of cyanide poisoning
bright red venous blood b/c O2 is not released from Hb
treatment: nitrites
110
nitrate poisoning
too much nitrates = accumulation of nitrites = forms methHb which cannot carry O2
111
indication & treatment of nitrate poisoning
chocolate coloured blood (little O2)
treatment: methylene blue (methHb -> Hb)
112
main muscle of respiration
diaphragm
113
control of respiration
controlled by neurons in medullar centre
when they fire = contraction
when inactive= passive expiration
114
dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
inspiratory neurons fire for quiet breathing
115
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
inspiratory & expiratory muscles inactive during quiet breathing & active for everything else
116
expiratory neurons fire during ( ) expiration
forced, not passive
117
3 main controls of respiration
1) pattern generator = inspiration/expiration pattern
2) magnitude= frequency & depth of breathing
3) other factors: vocalization, holding breath, sneezing, coughing, etc
118
pre-botzinger complex
neurons with pacemaker activity that generate breathing pattern & stimulate DRG
119
pneumotaxis center
tells DRG to switch off inspiratory neurons so you can exhale
uses double negative control
120
apneustic centre
stops inspiratory neurons from being turned off = makes you inhale more/take deeper breath
121
respiratory voluntary control is controlled by
cerebral cortex
122
Hering-breuer reflex
smooth muscle receptors in airways sense stretch -> send AP via vagus nerve to inhbit VRG & apneustic center -> pnemotaxis center is activated
123
peripheral chemoreceptors
located on aorta & carotid bodies
- activated when PO2 in arterial blood falls below 60mmHg = H increases in arterial blood
- tells brain to increase frequency of respiration of correct low PO2
124
central chemoreceptors
located near medulla
respond to PO2, PCO2 & H in brain not blood
125
T or F: arterial H cannot cross blood/brain barrier
T
126
problem with peripheral chemoreceptors
receptors do not fire until PO2 is critically low
127
systemic acidosis respiratory compensation
exercise lots to blow off extra H
128
normal pH of blood
7.4
129
to increase pH, you need to ( ) breathing to re-accumulate ( )
slow down, CO2
130
[H+] in brain too high vs too - central chemoreceptors responses
high- ventilation is increased
low- ventilation is reduced
131
132
carbonic anhydrase reaction
CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3 + H
133
respiration is controlled mainly via changes in
CO2 concentration, not O2 bc it is too small to measure
134
why can't you hold your breath for long?
CO2 accumulates = H accumulates = body hits threshold = brain takes over & forces you to breathe
135
why are central chemoreceptors activated well before CO2 gets too high when holding your breath?
centre cannot respond of you wait until last minute
136
perfusion
deciding how much of lungs actually receive O2 & allow for gas exchange
137
2 ways to control PO2 & PCO2
chemoreceptors & perfusion
138
bronchial vs pulmonary circulation
B- oxygenated blood to bronchial smooth muscles
P- deoxygenated blood in lungs for gas exchange
139
T or F: lungs are homogenous
F
140
layers of perfusion in the lungs
bottom= perfusion is constant & always has O2
middle= perfusion is sporadic
top= perfusion is absent
141
V/Q ratio
there should be enough blood to pick up available O2 & enough O2 to saturate Hb of available blood
142
target V/Q ratio
=1
143
if V/Q >1
Q is too low = pulmonary embolism
CO2 decreases = constriction of airway
O2 increases = vasodilation of blood vessel to try correct imbalance of ratio by increasing perfusion
144
if V/Q < 1
V is too low
obstruction of airway by fluid/mucous
CO2 increases = vasodilation of airways
O2 decreases= vasoconstriction of smooth muscles to correct imbalance
145
PO2 in tissues (opposite to lungs)
decrease = vasodilation
increase=vasoconstriction -> directs oxygenated blood elsewhere
146
T or F: bird lungs are rigid (cannot inflate or deflate)
T
147
air sacs
allow bird to draw in air
148
why can a respiratory disease in birds affect their bones
b/c some of their air sacs extend into bones
149
is bird or mammalian respiration more efficient? why?
bird bc they do not use tidal breathing
150
cross current exchange
improves concentration gradient between air & blood
151
blood brain barrier in birds is ( )% thinner than in mammals
30-40%
152
capillary blood volume per gram of body weight is ( )% greater in birds than mammals
20%
153
the exchange area per gram of body weight in birds is ( )x of mammals
10
154
bird air pathway
air comes into back air sacs -> lungs -> front air sacs -> out
155
T or F: inspiration & expiration is active in birds
T
156
bird inspiration
sternum is lowered = expands chest cavity volume
lower pressure = air sacs fill
157
posterior & anterior air sacs in inspiration vs expiration
1) inspiration
P- pull air into trachea, bronchi & lung (from outside)
A- pull air from lungs
2) expiration
P- air moves into lungs
A- air moves into trachea & out
158
bird expiration
sternum moves backwards & up = reduces chest cavity volume= air sacs are compressed = air moves out = expiration
159
T or F: birds accumulate CO way faster than humans
T
160
aerosol toxicity for birds
teflon, ammonia, natural gas, tobacco smoke
161
what birds were used as CO monitors
canaries
162
what are the main site of gas exchange in fish
gills
163
where does gas exchange occur in the gills
lamellae
164
how does gas exchange in fish work
water goes past the gills -> O2 is diffused from water & into blood
165
bony fish
operculum (hard bony flap) seals the hole of the gills
166
gill rakers
acts like a comb to remove sand/gravels to avoid damage to the gills
167
fish breathing pump- water enters vs exits
enters: mouth opens -> opercular cavity is closed -> bottom of buccal cavity is lowered -> decrease in pressure -> water enters via mouth
exit: mouth closed -> opercular cavity is open -> bottom of buccal cavity is raised -> increase in pressure -> water exits
168
what kind of respiration do fish use & why?
flow through bc water is super heavy
169
why do fish breathe through their mouth & not nose
nostrils are blind pouches - they are not connected to mouth like mammals
170
ram ventilation
when fish is moving they can open their mouth & water flows passively into opercula = water current for gas exchange
171
what type of fish depend only on ram ventilation
tuna
172
T or F: ram ventilation can be used whenever, but is not depended on by most fish
T
173
when do rainbow trout switch to ram ventilation
past a speed of 24 cm/s
174
when fish switch to ram ventilation, their metabolic rate drops by ( ). why?
10%, bc water is very viscous = energy costly
175
cartilaginous fishes
no operculum, but has 5 gill silts for each 5 gill arches
176
why do more primitive sharks have 6 or 7 gill arches
evolution is selecting for fewer gill arches
177
example of cartilaginous fish
shark
178
cartilaginous fishes breathing pump
same as other fish- gill slits close to prevent back flow
179
T or F: sharks use ram ventilation when swimming long distances
T
180
spiracle
hole behind eye that serves for water entry when mouth is closed
181
what fish have spiracles
cartilaginous fishes
182
skates & rays have exaggerated spiracles b/c
they need it to breathe in clean water not sand like their mouth will bc they are bottom-dwelling species
183
what is the most primitive fish alive
lamprey
184
lamprey respiration
no jaw so it attaches to other fish & snorts their blood
they use tidal ventilation to breathe when sucking blood
185
tidal ventilation
water goes in & out of gill slits
186
T or F: there is not a single definiton of fish
T
187
fish use ( ) current exchange
counter
188
concurrent vs countercurrent
concurrent- blood & air move in same direction
countercurrent: blood & air move in opposite directions
189
benefits of countercurrent exchange
can extract more O2
190
deoxygenated vs oxygenated blood & air direction in countercurrent exchange
d- blood moves caudal & air moves cranial
o- blood moves cranial & air moves caudal
191
are fish ecto or endotherms
ectotherms
192
are birds ecto or endotherms
endotherms
193
ectotherms
outside temperature will affect Hb carrying O2
194
why cannot fish survive in warm water
Hb cannot pick up enough O2 = suffocation
195
tuna adaptation of temperature
warm their eyeballs to see better by using muscles to warm the blood & send back to eyeballs
196
active fish can increase their entire body temp up to ( ) degrees
10 degrees
197
why do many fish have 2 types of Hb
to get the right Hb in the right situation
198
5 functions of gills
respiration, acid-base balance, excretion, nutrient uptake & osmoregulation
199
T or F: gills are directly exposed to the environment which makes fish very susceptible to diseases
T
200
T or F: injury to the gills can cause suffocation
T
