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VBMS 325 > Module 6- poultry > Flashcards

Module 6- poultry Flashcards

1
Q

photoperiod

A

period of time when a bird receives illumination = daylength

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2
Q

what type of breeders are most type of birds

A

seasonal, long day

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3
Q

long day breeders

A

become reproductively active as days are getting longer

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4
Q

when is molt triggered?why

A

fall, they replace their plate feathers so they are ready for a fall migration

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5
Q

longer vs shorter wavelength colours

A

longer-red/orange
shorter-blues/greens

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6
Q

do longer or shorter wavelengths have better egg production?why?

A

longer b/c it stimulates the extra retinal receptors

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7
Q

why can birds see extra colours

A

they have 1 extra cone in their eye

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8
Q

light perception pathway

A

light hits photoreceptors (pineal, eye, or hypothalamus) -> takes energy from photons to convert it into a neural signal -> sent to hypothalamus -> stimulates GnRH -> releases LH & FSH from pituitary gland

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9
Q

how does melatonin work in photoperiods

A

produced by pineal gland & eye which acts like a time signal to the body to help regulate the circadian rhythm

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10
Q

when & where is melatonin produced

A

pineal gland & eye, synthesized at night

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11
Q

T or F: melatonin is not required for birds to respond to photoperiod

A

T

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12
Q

how many locations does the hypothalamus have for photoreceptors

A

3

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13
Q

critical daylength in chickens

A

when photosensitivity starts & triggers bird to become reproductively active
- 11-12 hours

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14
Q

commerical photoperiod

A

14-16 hours

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15
Q

internal circadian rhythm occurs on a ( ) time frame

A

24 hour

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16
Q

what is released when birds are photostimulated

A

LH

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17
Q

what occurs if birds fail to continue to be stimulated by increasing day length?

A

GnRH is not released & birds come out of lay

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18
Q

when can birds be photostimulated again after photorefractory period

A

next spring b/c need period of days to be photostimulated

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19
Q

what age are birds photostimulated in commerical laying hens?

A

18/19 weeks

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20
Q

T or F: turkeys have much steeper refractory period

A

T

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21
Q

what age does force moulting occur

A

70-80 weeks

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22
Q

why is molting birds illegal in canada

A

b/c of animal welfare concerns b/c need to take food & water away

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23
Q

molting process

A

deprive feed & water, use 6 hours of light / day = stresses birds = come out of lay = can photostimulate after 2 weeks of no eggs

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24
Q

what ovary is the rudimentary vs function

A

left= functional
right=rudimentary

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25
Q

what occurs if left ovary is damaged

A

right ovary can develop into ovotestis = cannot produce fertilized egg

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26
Q

when do oocytes begin to develop

A

at sexual maturity when bird is photostimulated

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27
Q

T or F: birds produce tons of follicles but only a small fraction will be ovulated

A

T

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28
Q

what occurs as follicles begin to mature

A

rich white yolk becomes incorporated = allows formation of small white follicles that develop into small yellow follicles

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29
Q

what is rich white yolk high in

A

protein

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30
Q

how many grams of VLDL are incorporated every day into follicles

A

19g

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31
Q

what happens to the remaining follicles that are not ovulated

A

undergo atresia

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32
Q

what type of yolks are selected to enter the follicular hierarchy

A

yellow, 1 per day, 5-7 total

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33
Q

what occurs when follicles are developing in follicular hierarchy

A

estrogen is produced = production of VLDL & vitellogenin

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34
Q

vitellogenin

A

transports nutrients from bird into egg

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35
Q

how many mm are follicles in diameter at ovulation

A

30-40mm

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36
Q

what is follicular hierarchy determined by? F1 vs F5

A

size, F1= biggest & next to be ovulated, F5 was smallest & last to be recruited

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37
Q

what is recruited from small yellow

A

large white follicles

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38
Q

T or F: large white & yellow are similar in composition

A

T

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39
Q

granulosis cell layer

A

large rectangular cells in follicles

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40
Q

what prevents materials from passing through cell layer

A

tight junctions

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41
Q

occludin

A

regulator of cell junctions

more occludin = stronger barrier = less gets through

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42
Q

effects of high activin A vs high inhibin A

A

activin-upregulates occludin
inhibin=downregulates occludin = less responsiveness to FSH

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43
Q

what is the key component to recruitment of follicles into hierarchy? why?

A

FSH, b/c primordial follicles become responsive to FSH & start to get recruited into follicle hierarchy = reduce sensitivity to FSH & switch to LH sensitivity

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44
Q

what does a defective follicular hierarchy mean? what causes it?

A

less organized
more than one follicle released at a time
cause- overweight in boiler breeder hens

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45
Q

T or F: twins cannot occur b/c not enough room in egg

A

T

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46
Q

testosterone function

A

stimulate comb growth & female specific plumage

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47
Q

estrogen function

A

stimulate separation of pubic bones & development of medullary bone

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48
Q

what can be used to indicate how close a pullet is to onset of lay

A

comb development

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49
Q

what is the production of the medullary bone stimulated by

A

estrogen

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50
Q

medullary bone

A

reserve of calcium

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51
Q

what 2 things can occur if a bird does not have enough calcium

A

osteoporosis & cage layer fatigue

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52
Q

cage layer fatigue

A

will not stand & will be culled

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53
Q

skeletal changes as bird becomes sexually mature

A

widening of pubic bones for egg to pass through

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54
Q

what bone drops down as bird approaches lay

A

cleal bone

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55
Q

what 2 changes in hormones occur as the follicles grow?

A

1) oestrogen declines
2) progesterone increases (F1 has the most)

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56
Q

what does the follicle rupture at ovulation to release the ovum into oviduct?

A

stigma- non-vascularized tissue

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57
Q

post-ovulatory follicle

A

produce prostaglandins, P1 is most recently ovulated

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58
Q

what are 3 possible functions of post-ovulatory follicles

A

1) recruitment of small yellow follicle into follicular hierarchy
2) triggers smooth muscle contractions for oviposition
3) nesting behaviour

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59
Q

infundibulum functions (2)

A

1) site of fertilization & sperm storage tubules
2) secrete vitelline membrane

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60
Q

internal infundibulum layer

A

malfunctioned follicles are released into abdomen instead of infundibulum

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61
Q

vitelline

A

outer layer of yolk, surrounds yolk to keep it separate from the rest

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62
Q

magnum function

A

deposits first 3 layers of albumen
- inner thick
-inner thin
-outer thick

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63
Q

chalazae cord function

A

helps with placement inside the egg

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64
Q

isthmus function

A

2 shell membranes placed
- air cell forms

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65
Q

how can old egg be indicated by air cell

A

more evaporated = larger air cells

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66
Q

shell gland

A

puts final layer of albumen down
- outer thin layer= pumps egg into outer shell egg shape

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67
Q

where does the egg spend most of its time

A

shell gland

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68
Q

what % of egg weight is from the shell

A

12%

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69
Q

what is 98% of the egg made of

A

calcium carbonate

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70
Q

how many grams of calcium in a 60 gram egg

A

7 grams

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71
Q

what do pores in the egg do

A

allow for gas exchange so embryo is not suffocated

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72
Q

2 layers of shell gland

A

1) mammillary layer: knob structures
2) spongy layer: column formation

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73
Q

T or F: shell pigment is a heritable trait & you can select for it

A

T

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74
Q

porphyrins

A

derived from haemoglobin metabolism = brown egg shell

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75
Q

oocyanin

A

product of bile formation = blue/green eggs

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76
Q

bird that lays blue/green eggs

A

araucana

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77
Q

physical vs chemical barriers of shell cuticle

A

physical- plugs pores to avoid contamination
chemical-proteins with antimicrobial factors

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77
Q

cuticle purpose & function

A

final layer that gets put into egg before oviposition- acts as a protective layer to reduce evaporation & contamination of the egg by partially blocking pores

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78
Q

T or F: older birds have less protection of their egg cuticles

A

T

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79
Q

CFIA egg wash instructions

A

pre-rinse 30 degrees C & detergent wash of 45 degrees C

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80
Q

should egg wash detergent have high or low pH

A

high

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81
Q

do eggs need to be washed?

A

yes, and need to be placed into fridge to prevent bacterial growth

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82
Q

germinal disk

A

part of ovum that will be fertilized

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83
Q

shell gland vagina function

A

similar to cervix
1) sphincter like muscle
2) major sperm storage tubules

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84
Q

after insemination, approx. 75% will contain an average of ( ) sperm per tubule

A

400

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85
Q

sperm host glands

A

folding of epithelium to form pocket to store sperm

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86
Q

where do sperm get energy from

A

granules cells

87
Q

what is the function of tubules controlled by

A

estrogen & progesterone
- increase in progesterone = release sperm when oviduct is clear so sperm can move up to oviduct before ovulated egg moves into it

88
Q

chickens, turkeys & quail- how long do sperm stay healthy in sperm host glands for?

A

chicken-2 weeks
turkey-up to 10 weeks
quail-10 days

89
Q

cloaca

A

common exit for digestive, urinary & reproductive tract

90
Q

where is the site of semen deposition

A

vagina

91
Q

how does semen get deposited into vagina

A

vagina everts during mating to avoid it touching cloaca for sanitary purposes

92
Q

what % of sperm deposited into cloaca will move into storage tubules

A

1-2%

93
Q

what time of day does LH peak

A

at night = ovulation occurs following morning

94
Q

how long does it take an egg to move down oviduct

A

24-26 hours

95
Q

release of prostaglandin & progesterone during oviposition are released from

A

F1

96
Q

what will occur if there if no F1 follicle to release prostaglandin & progesterone during oviposition

A

delayed oviposition for 1-7 days

97
Q

male reproductive tract function

A

produce healthy sperm & semen and mate female birds

98
Q

where are testes found

A

abdominal cavity, tucked against back

99
Q

what temp is sperm produced

A

41-42 degrees (higher than body temp)- opposite to mammals

100
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

store undifferentiated germ cells

101
Q

where are the seminiferous tubules found

A

capsule

102
Q

3 parts of the capsule

A

1) tunica albuginea
2) tunica serosa
3) tunica vasculosa

103
Q

sertoli & leydig cells

A

sertoli-increase testosterone production
leydig-produce androgens

104
Q

where do seminiferous tubules empty into

A

rete testis

105
Q

rete testis

A

sperm maturation

106
Q

epididymis

A

fertility of sperm (13%)

107
Q

2 functions of vas deferens

A

1) major sperm maturation & storage
2) expels semen into cloaca through papilla

108
Q

rete testis is ( ) in chickens and efferent ductal is ( ) in quail & fowl

A

higher, larger

109
Q

T or F: birds do not have seminal vesicles, prostate gland or bulbourethral glands

A

T

110
Q

paracloacal vascular bodies

A

forms lymph fluid so copulatory organ can work

111
Q

semen composition

A

seminal plasma & lymph fluid

112
Q

copulatory organ function & location

A

on floor of cloaca, tissue that gets engorged with lymph fluid to provide a path for the semen to move through

113
Q

coprodeum

A

where digestive dumps into

114
Q

proctodeum

A

tissue caudal to other parts

115
Q

urodeum

A

where urinary dumps into

116
Q

anseriformes

A

birds that mate in water so they have external copulatory organs
- have corkscrew Pisces that fit together

117
Q

t or F; males take longer to become sexually mature

A

T

118
Q

FSH vs LH in males

A

FSH- growth, differentiation & spermatogenic activity
LH-testosterone production

119
Q

when males are photostimulated, testes grew ( ) & ( ) after peaking

A

quickly, decreased

120
Q

T or F: migratory birds fully regress testes for most of year b/c they did not reduce weight for migration

A

T

121
Q

semen characteristics

A

viscous & milk white

122
Q

T or F: chickens produce more & less concentrated sperm than turkeys

A

T

123
Q

sperm morphology

A

long & cylindrical, tapered at both ends

124
Q

T or F: no sperm capacitation is required in birds

A

T

125
Q

what influences sperm shape

A

b/c of sperm storage tubules- to move through oviduct

126
Q

clutch

A

a period of 1 or more days of consecutive egg laying

127
Q

prime sequence

A

the longest laying sequence, occurs during peak lay

128
Q

lag

A

difference (hours) between laying of eggs in a laying sequence

129
Q

longer lay times = (longer/shorter) sequences in general

A

shorter

130
Q

longer lay times are the result of

A

slow follicular maturation

131
Q

broodiness

A

evolved behaviour where hen will incubate her eggs

132
Q

broodiness hormonal factors

A

plasma LH= triggers post ovulatory follicles to produce estrogen
progesterone - produced by F1
prolactin increases

133
Q

effects of prolactin on broodiness

A

increase = hens cease lay & enter broody behaviour

134
Q

how can prolactin levels increase in relation to broodiness

A

low photostimulation = prolactin suppresses LH, estorgen & progesterone = hen enters nest

135
Q

T or F: follicles suppress & ovary shrinks during broodiness

A

T

136
Q

environmental factors that effect broodiness

A

1) high temp = increases VIP
2) low light
3) isolation
4) physical contact of brood patch on breast

137
Q

brood patch

A

feathers on chest disappear = allows contact with eggs or floor = stimulates broody behaviour

138
Q

VIP

A

vasoactive intestinal peptide

139
Q

why do we not want broodiness in commerical barns

A

b/c we want them to keep their lay as long as possible- incubators will incubate their eggs

140
Q

how to avoid broodiness in commerical barns

A

1) no dark spots
2) keeping right density
3) match temp wth metabolic
4) genetic selection

141
Q

T or F: turkeys are still a problem in commerical barns for broodiness

A

T

142
Q

what medical approach can stop broody behaviour

A

VIP vaccination

143
Q

effects of VIP vaccination on egg production

A

more eggs per hen in VIP vaccinated birds - peak in egg production was maintained (did not drop after)

144
Q

natural mating ratio of hens to roosters

A

1 rooster : 10 hens

145
Q

when does natural mating occur? why?

A

afternoon-based on hormones & timing of egg lay

146
Q

cloaca kiss

A

rooster touches cloaca to hens everted vagina

147
Q

how does a female display receptive behaviour

A

rooster hops on top, grabs feathers at neck & treads = squats & pushes wings out = tail raises = vagina everts

148
Q

when would AI be used in the poultry industry?

A

turkeys & zoos to produce rare birds

149
Q

semen collection technique

A

massage back of rooster in vent area to stimulate copulatory organ & ejaculation

150
Q

why is a pooled semen sample used in AI?

A

prevents using 1 possible weak source to a number of hens = produce low fertility rates

151
Q

semen extenders purpose

A

helps with reducing changes in pH due to bacteria

152
Q

what does it mean if there is pink or yellow semen?

A

collected something else with the semen- fecal matter, blood, or other bodily fluids

153
Q

how much semen should be collected by 1 bird?

A

0.5mL - of more = collected something else with it

154
Q

how can identify sperm motility

A

live dead stains under a microscope- any cells that become dyed are dead cells

155
Q

what can occur if AI is done too close to oviposition

A

up to 40% less fertilized eggs

156
Q

when should AI be done

A

afternoon b/c hens lay in morning

157
Q

frequency of insemination for chicken vs turkeys for peak fertility

A

chickens-every 5-7 days
turkeys- every 7+ days

158
Q

can avian semen be stored & used later?

A

no it does not freeze well = poor fertility

159
Q

fertility equation

A

(# of fertile eggs / # eggs set ) x 100

160
Q

farm factors of poor fertility

A

1) overweight hen
2) diseases & leg issues
3) flock age

161
Q

do any hatchery factors effect fertility

A

no

162
Q

T or F: males reproductive activity declines as flock ages

A

T

163
Q

hatchability equation

A

= number of saleable eggs / number of eggs set x 100%

164
Q

farm factors of hatchability

A

1) egg handling & sanitization
2) egg storage

165
Q

hatch of fertile equation

A

= number of saleable eggs / number of fertile eggs set x 100%

166
Q

individual bird fertility assessment

A

1) duration of fertility
2) onset of fertility after insemination

167
Q

T or F: the 1st egg after insemination will not be fertile b/c it was already in oviduct when hen was inseminated

A

T

168
Q

what species has the longest average duration of fertility

A

turkey (20-60 days)

169
Q

stale sperm effect

A

want to catch early before hens hit fertility

170
Q

T or F: fertility drops after insemination b/c of stale sperm effect

A

T

171
Q

what % of fertility is aimed with insemination

A

90%

172
Q

combination of fertility & hatchafertile effects

A

stays more plateaued for a long time before slowly decreases

173
Q

effect of broiler breeder flock age on fertility

A

24 weeks - slowly increasing in fertility b/c not all birds have become reproductively active at same time

174
Q

spiking

A

process of placing 20% younger males in the flock at about 38-52 week

175
Q

2 benefits & 2 concerns of spiking

A

benefits:
1) young males mate regularly & have high sperm quality
2) older males will see competition & start mating more bc of this

concerns:
1) biosecurity
2) aggression

176
Q

how long do sperm have to make it up to infundibulum for fertilization

A

15 mins

177
Q

fertilization definition

A

sperm penetration of ovum with female pronucleus & initiates pro-embryonic development

178
Q

inner vs outer pervitelline layer- where are each deposited

A

inner (IPVL)- deposited in ovary
outer (OPVL)- deposited in infundibulum

179
Q

T or F: more than 1 sperm can enter IPVL but only 1 sperm can fuse with female nucleus

A

T

180
Q

T or F: freshly ovulated follicles only have IPVL

A

T

181
Q

stage x cells at oviposition

A

30,00 - 60,00 cells at oviposition

182
Q

2 regions of embryonic development at oviposition-what do they form

A

blastocyst has developed into 2 regions
1) inner area pellucida - embryo develops out of this
2) outer area opaca- forms yolk sac

183
Q

diapause

A

period between oviposition & incubation

184
Q

what temp should eggs be stored at during diapause

A

physiological zero
- 10-18 degrees C

185
Q

humidity balance of egg storage

A

not too much for bacterial growth & can suffocate eggs but not too less that eggs cannot evaporate moisture

186
Q

T or F: chickens have the lowest incubation period

A

T

187
Q

humidity % for incubator vs hatcher

A

incubator-55-60%
hatcher-71-80%

188
Q

why should air cell be placed upwards

A

for proper embryo formation

189
Q

5 extraembryonic membranes

A

1) yolk sac membrane
2) amnion
3) chorion
4) allantois
5) chorioallantois

190
Q

yolk sac membrane function

A

provides enzymes to break down nutrients in yolk, any remaining yolk goes into abdomen to provide nutrients after hatch

191
Q

amnion function

A

holds amnionic fluid = cushion

192
Q

chorion function

A

no apparent function

193
Q

allantois function

A

gas exchange, acts as embryonic lung

194
Q

chorioallantois function

A

chorion & allantois fusion
- forms allanoic sac for waste storage & gets calcium out of shell

195
Q

embryonic tissues day 5, 10, 15 & 20

A

5- albumen & yolk
10-yolk sac starts to disappear, allantois starts to fuses with chorion
15-yolk sac 1/2 full, chorioallantois formed
20-albumen is gone, yolk sac in abdomen

196
Q

T or F: infertile eggs have a darker coloured center

A

T

197
Q

what forms first & last during embryonic development

A

heart & neural tube first, moves head to big end of egg, yolk sac is pulled into abdomen, internal piping then hatching

198
Q

what occurs if yolk sac is outside of embryo body during development

A

prone to infection = culled

199
Q

internal piping

A

pip into air cell & begin breathing with lungs

200
Q

external piping

A

break into hard shell, push legs & pop out of shell

201
Q

what day do chicks hatch

A

day 21

202
Q

embryo orientation

A

head under right wing, lying under air cell

203
Q

what occurs if there is no internal piping by day 19

A

high CO2 in egg = suffocation b/c not gas exchange

204
Q

what day to transfer egg from incubator to hatcher

A

day 18

205
Q

incubator function/orientation vs nature

A

egg trays move continuously on a 45 degree angle to prevent embryo from sticking to 1 side & maintaining gas exchange
nature- hens spin their eggs

206
Q

candle eggs

A

take out eggs & shine light through egg & can see whats inside egg- take out any dead embyros or infertile

207
Q

why transfer eggs to hatcher

A

1) enclosed trays
2) egg sanitation

208
Q

in-ovo vaccination

A

give a vaccine through shell of egg at 18.5 days incubation

209
Q

T or F: embryonic location for the in-ovo vaccine has best efficiency

A

T

210
Q

what 2 diseases does an in-ovo vaccine protect against

A

mareks & newcastle

211
Q

where is an in-obo vaccine injected

A

below air cells, perpendicular delivery

212
Q

blood ring around egg

A

broken blood vessels = dead embryo

213
Q

day 5 egg candling

A

distinct blood vessels are apparent

214
Q

T or F: a mostly shadowed egg during candling means a healthy embryo

A

T

215
Q

hen oviduct pathway

A

1) infundibulum
2) magnum
3) isthmus
4) shell gland
5) shell cuticle

VBMS 325 (17 decks)

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