module 4-female reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
T or F: individuals do not need to reproduce to survive, but species do
A
T
2
Q
how do prokaryotes & eukayrotes reproduce?
A
P- cloning, produces identical cells
E-sexually or asexually, produces new genetically distinct cells
3
Q
budding/fission
A
animal produces a bud - is a copy of themselves that grows into a 2nd adult
- sea anemone
4
Q
parthenogenesis
A
unfertilized egg develops into an embryo
- female worker bees
5
Q
1 advantage & disadvantage of parthenogenesis
A
A- isolated female can still produce offspring
D- sub-optimal offspring
6
Q
sexual reproduction
A
union of male & female gametes, 2 haploid sets form 1 diploid set
7
Q
meosis
A
dividing in half & 2 halves come together to form diploid
8
Q
germ cells
A
ovum and sperm
9
Q
T or F: it is random which chromosome comes from which parent
A
T
10
Q
why is sexual reproduction better than cloning?
A
it passes on improved traits & increases genetic diversity, while cloning passes on harmful mutations & no genetic diversity
11
Q
r-selected reproduction
A
selected for rate of population growth, produce large number of offspring with no parental care
- salmon
12
Q
k-selected reproduction
A
carrying capacity, produce small number of offspring with parental care
- gorilla
13
Q
intermediate reproduction
A
between R & K reproduction, large number of offspring but with parental care
- garbaldi fish
14
Q
ovo, vivi, parous
A
ovo=egg
vivi=live
parous=produce
15
Q
oviparious
A
offspring develops in eggs externally
- spawning in fish
16
Q
ovovivparous
A
produce eggs that develop in / partially in body of mother, get nutrients from yolk, internal fertilization & shell is put on externally - birds
17
Q
viviparous
A
production of offspring occurs inside mothers body & uses maternal resources for nutrients
- placenta
- mammals
18
Q
T or F: in oviparous species, the eggs are without a shell
A
T
19
Q
why do oviparous species not have shells?
A
b/c sperm need to be able to penetrate its membrane to fertilize the egg
20
Q
albumen
A
egg white
21
Q
marsupials
A
offspring are born very immaturely & fetus climbs into mothers pouch to continue development
- obtains nutrients from uterus until delivered
22
Q
altricial vs precocial
A
A-born bery immature, dependent on parental care, born without fur/feathers, eyes closed (robins/rats)
- shorter gestation
P- born well developed, are not dependent on parental care
- chickens & guinea pigs
- longer gestation
23
Q
what are monotremes? list the 2 types
A
egg laying mammals- eggs have porous shell for nourishment can enter shell
- not dependent on yolk
echidna & platypus
24
Q
continuous polyestrous
A
cycles occur throughout the year
- cattle & humans
25
seasonally polyestrous
cycles in a specific time of year so offspring are born during a specific season
- has multiple cycles in a season
26
seasonally monoestrous
1 cycle per season
- dog
27
estrous
receptivity to mating
28
seasonal breeding is controlled by?
circannaul biological clock
29
seasonal breeding stimulation pathway
retina sense light, neurons relay info, pineal gland produces melatonin (during dark) & kisspeptin, ant pit releases GnRH & stimulates ovulation & estruys
30
2 hormones that are important for seasonal breeding
kisspeptin & melatonin
31
kisspeptin
determines time of puberty
32
what determines fall or spring breeding?
receptiveness to increasing or decreasing levels of melatonin
33
short vs long day breeders
short: breed during fall & give birth in spring, shorter gestation, cows
long: breed in spring to enter estrous next spring, longer gestation- birds
34
T or F: pigs and cows are not seasonal breeders
T
35
why would an animal closer to the equator be polyestrus & not seasonal?
b/c they do not face a change in day length so they remain polyestrous
36
great tit bird seasonal breeding is stimulated by?
the temperature for caterpillar development
37
how is seasonal breeding stimulated in animals in tropical/deserts
within 24 hours of rainfall b/c with rain = plants = food for young
38
what mating strategies can be sued for reproduction
pheromones produced by female, firefly lights, and courtship displays
39
induced vs spontaneous ovulation
induced- require mating to stimulate ovulation
- uses mechanoreceptors to detect barbs on penis
- chemoreceptors in vagina detect semen components
- cat
spontaneous- does not require mating to stimulate ovulation
- humans
40
2 gonads
testes & ovaries
41
gametogenesis
production of gametes
42
gametes
ova & spermatozoa
43
what 3 hormones do the gonads secrete?
testosterone, estrogen & progesterone
44
reproductive tract
system of ducts & accessory sex organs that facilitate the rest of reproduction
45
oogenesis
production of ova
46
6 female reproductive functions
1) oogenesis
2) sperm reception
3) fertilization
4) nourishment of fetus
5) parturition/lay eggs
6) lactation
47
oviposition
laying eggs
48
where are ovaries located
pelvic & abdominal cavity
49
T or F: oviduct is not directly attached to ovary
T
50
3 oviduct functions
1) captures ova
2) site of internal fertilization
3) site for deposition of albumin
51
2 uterus functions
protects fetus & calcification of eggs
52
cervix
caudal portion that is a passageway for sperm deposition & delivery of fetus
53
vagina
site of copulation & reception of sperm
54
vulva
external, can indicate estrous if swollen
55
ovaries function & what 2 hormones do they secrete
follicle maturation & ovulation
secretes estrogens & progesterones
56
fimbriae
finger like projections in oviduct that catch the ova
57
uterine horn difference in cattle vs litter species
cattle- calf is developed in 1 horn only
litter- develops in both horns (dogs, cats)
58
ovarian (follicular) phase
egg is maturing & developing and getting ready to be ovulated, estrogen is dominant hormone
59
uterine (luteal)phase
occurs after egg is released, progesterone is dominant hormone
60
estrous vs menstrual cycle
e- uterine lining is reabsorbed if no pregnancy (no period)
m-uterine lining is sloughed off (period)
61
2 stages of oogenesis
prenatal & puberty
62
where do primordial germ cells develop?
fetal ovary
63
T or F: mitotic proliferation only occurs before birth
T
64
primary oocytes
arrested in 1st phase of meiosis in fetal ovary- stop release until puberty
65
primary oocytes are surrounded by a layer of
granulosa cells
66
sperm vs ovum- how many cells
ovum- 1 mature ovum
sperm- 4 sperm cells
67
atresia
cell death
68
polar body
reminants of other cells that were divided but did not continue to become the ovum
- nucleus with small amount of cytoplasm
69
T or F: 3 polar bodies can be in 1 mature ovum
T
70
when do the 1st and 2nd mitotic divisions occur?
1-right before ovulation
2-after fertilization
71
what does the proliferation of granulosa cells & differentiation of thecal cells cause?
more estrogen production
72
oocyte formation
oogonium -> 1st mitotic division -> primary oocytes -> enlarged primary oocyte-> second oocyte -> 2nd mitotic division -> ovum & polar bodies -> egg cell (haploid)
73
why does the primary oocyte become enlarged?
b/c it needs large cytoplasm to support 1st cell divisions
74
capacitation
process of maturation of sperm within the tract
75
what do you have to do for in vitro reproduction capacitation
artificially induce it
76
zona pellucida
thick gelatinous membrane that protects oocytes
77
perivitelline
sperm protein that interacts with ZP3 receptor & undergoes acrosomal reaction
78
what is triggered when the 1st sperm cell to comes into contact and merges its cell membrane with the ova cell membrane?
egg cell releases calcium which depolarizes the cell membrane & prevents any further sperm from merging
79
acrosome reaction
releases hydrolytic enzymes
80
cortical granules
in cytoplasm of oocyte along membrane, calcium release triggers these into the zona pellucida and inactivtes ZP3 receptors
81
1st cell to be fertilized is called
zygote
82
fertilization
sperm cell releases its nucleus into egg cell
83
morula
ball of cells that continues to develop & form moves into uterus, and then forms a blastocyst
84
what does the inner cell mass of the blastocyst become?
offspring
85
trophoblast
outer layer of cells that become fetal side of placenta
86
blastocele
fluid filled pocket
87
4 extraembryonic membranes
1) endoderm
2) mesoderm
3) allantois
4) trophoectoderm
88
what membrane is the yolk sac found in
endoderm
89
amnion function
extension of fetal gut, acts as waste storage
90
allantois vs amnionic fluid
allantois- yellow b/c of urinary & digestive wastes
amnionic fluid- clear
91
T or F: corpus luteum will regress unless dam recognizes pregnancy
T
92
IFN-T
secreted by ruminants, blocks oxytocin receptors in endometrium = blocks production of PGF-2a = allows pregnancy to continue
93
hCG
human chorionic gondaotropin - pregnancy detection hormone
94
what do sows produce when they recognize pregnancy
estradiol
95
if PFG-2a is rejected, what does that mean?
there is no regression of corpus luteum = pregnant
96
3 ways to diagnose pregnancy
1) transrectal palpation
2) transrectal ultrasound
3) blood/milk
97
when is transrectal palpation detectable by?
5-6 weeks after breeding
98
when can transrectal ultrasound be used to determine pregnancy vs fetal sex?
pregnancy-28 days
fetal sex- 55-70 days
99
what does blood/milk pregnancy tests show?
progesterone - 21-24 days, cab be false neg
PAG- 9- days postpartum & 30 days post breeding
100
PAG
pregnancy associated glycoprotein- a protein produced during pregnancy
101
why can a PAG test not be used sooner than 90 days?
b/c it can cause a false neg if too close to when last calved
102
human vs ruminant blastocyst attachment vs implantation
human: implants in endometrium
ruminants: rapid growth of trophoectoderm (14cm at day 16)
103
why does rapid growth of the trophoectoderm occur?
b/c we want lots of surface area in contact with maternal endometrium in order to start developing placenta
104
placentomes
buttons formed by ruminants where blood exchange across placenta occurs
105
humans vs ruminant placenta
humans: discoid, no 1 location for gas exchange
ruminants: cotyledonary, buttons are specific locations of exchange
106
what 5 hormones does the placenta secrete
1) progesterone
2) estrogens
3) chorionic gonadotropin
4) relaxin
5) placental lactogen
107
what 3 things does progesterone do when secreted by placenta
1) prevents endometrium from contracting
2)prevents cycling
3) forms mucous plug to stop entry of organisms
108
relaxin function
causes connective tissue to relax so birth canal can open during birth
109
2 lactogen functions
1) facilitates development of mammary gland
2)produces colostrum & milk
110
caruncle vs cotyledonary
caruncle- maternal side
cotyledonary- fetal side
111
zonary
band - cats/dogs
112
what species have a diffuse placenta
pigs & horses
113
what 2 things are the placentome made of?
cotyledon & caruncle
114
freemartin & indication
heifer born twin to a bull calf caused by fusion of chorionic vili = shared blood flow
shallow vagina
115
why is female freemartin infertile
female is exposed to anti-mullerian hormone & testosterone = masculinization
116
how are types of placentas classified on?
the number of layers of tissues between fetal & maternal blood supply and what it is connected to
117
3 types of placenta
1) epitheliochorial - 6 layers (ruminants, horses, pigs)
2) endotheliochorial- 5 layers (dogs/cats)
3) hemochorial- 3 layers (humans)
118
what is the chorion attached to in epitheliochorial, endotheliochorial & hemchorial placentas
epithelial- epithelium of maternal endometrium
endo-attached to endothelium
hemochorial-maternal blood supply is in direct contact with fetal membrane
119
T or F: there is always 3 layers on the fetus side for all types of placenta
T
120
T or F: there is no transfer of antibodies in epitheliochorial placenta
T
121
3 phases of parturition
1) dilation of cervix
2) rhytmtic contractions of myometrium (labour)
3) expulsion of placenta
122
what 2 things allows cervical softening & increased elasticity
1) release of relaxin by CL & placenta
2) PGF-2a: stimulated by high estrogen during end of gestation = local enzyme production = breakdown collagen
123
what 2 things occur in the uterus to prep for parturition? what stimulates both of them?
1) creation of gap junctions - allows uterus to contract as a unit
2) synthesis of oxytocin receptors in myometrium- once threshold is reached = parturition
stimulated by estrogen
124
T or F: the fetus determines when labour occurs
T
125
what sets the timing of parturition
the placental clock
126
what does cortisol do to fetal lungs?
produces surfactant for alveolar inflation = triggers immune inflammation in uterus= increased oxytocin receptors & increased prostaglandins
127
what does an increase in oxytocin receptors do
helps the uterus respond to oxytocin = softens cervix
128
what does an increase in estrogen do during parturition
produces gap junctions & oxytocin receptors = uterus can contract in coordination & respond to oxytocin = softens cervix
129
what is oxytocin responsible for
milk ejection & uterine contractions
130
what causes feet of fetus to press against cervix to stimulate oxytocin release with positive feedback loop
oxytocin
131
why do contractions become more frequent & stronger as labour progresses?
bc of the positive feedback loop
132
pitocin
used to induce labor, contractions, help restart labor if it stalls or milk out an animal
133
animals vs human fetus position
animals- feet first
humans- head first
134
why is it important that the placenta is all delivered & none stays in placenta?
b/c it can cause infection of uterus (metritis)
135
placentophagy
mother licks newborn to stimulate it to get it to free the placenta and eat it
136
antrum
fluid filled pocket around follicular cells
137
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone, stimulates development of follicles
138
where is FSH secreted
anterior pitutitary
139
thecal cells
differentiate from ovarian connective tissue
140
follicular cells
granulosa & thecal cells
141
antral follicle
secondary follicle
142
what do follicular cells produce
estrogen
143
the number of antral follicles is proportional to
the pool of primary cells & oocytes that remain
144
estrone is dominant in what species
pigs
145
dominant follicle
1 secondary follicle is selected & ovulated - one with most FSH receptors
146
hydrolytic enzymes
breakdown surface on the ovary surface
147
corona radiata
bulge on surface of follicle
148
cumulus oophorus
cumulus cell complex
149
ovulation
follicle bursts & secondary oocyte is swept into the infundibulum to be fertilized
150
cumulus oocyte complex
= oocyte + corona radiata + additional granulosa cells
151
follicular wave
multiple waves of follicular development that occur each cycle - ovulation only occurs when triggered by LH surge
152
what do high levels of progesterone in the follicular wave cause
can prohibit LH surge = no ovulation = follciles die off
153
when does LH surge occur in the follicular wave
luteolysis
154
what does CL start as?
corpus hemorrhagicum
155
luteal cells
produce progesterone- are yellow b/c have lipid droplets for synthesis of steroid hormones & contain beta-carotene
156
what do granulosa and thecal cells become during luteal phase?
luteal cells
157
corpus luteum
responsible for producing progesterone to support pregnancy
158
corpus albicans
connective & scar tissue left over after CL is regressed
159
proestrus & estrus is apart of the ( ) phase
follicular
160
proestrus
development of follicles
161
metestrus & diestrus are apart of what phase
luteal
162
metestrus
development of CL after ovulation
163
diestrus
CL secretes steroid hormones until it regresses
164
what 2 things can an LH surge do?
1) trigger ovulation
2) stops estrogen synthesis
165
tonic
low level secretion
166
what does progesterone do?
inhibit GnRH = inhibits LH secretion
167
what increases as CL develops
progesterone
168
p4
progesterone
169
luteolysis causes a drop in
progesterone
170
3 estrogen function
1) stimulates growth & maintenance of reproductive tract
2) stimulates growth of endometrium
3) develops secondary sex characteristics - mammary glands
171
why does estrogen make thin mucous
so sperm can swim through
172
why does progesterone form thick endometrial lining
so blood vessels are there for embryo to grow
173
T or F: horses need uterine contractions to move embryo around to attach
T
174
estrus
period of sexual receptivity, 12 hours of max fertility
175
estrus detection in cattle
heat patch or tail paint- when paint rubs off she was mounted & in heat
176
electronic patch
electronic pressure sensor that records mounting
177
pedometer
fit bit for cows for estrus, tracks how much they are walking / moving
178
what 3 hormones are given to synchronize estrus?
1) GnRH = triggers LH surge
2) progesterone = sharp drop causes heat
3) PGF-2a = triggers luteolysis
179
luteolysis
destroys corpus luteum & puts back into follicular phase
180
CIDR
controlled internal drug release
181
PRID
progesterone releasing intravaginal device
182
order of what hormones to give for estrus synchronization
1) GnRH
2) progesterone
3) PGF-2a
4) GnRH
183
where is sperm deposited into
vagina
184
6 fertilization steps
1) sperm penetrates cumulus cells
2) sperm head binds to zona pellucida- previtelline interacts with ZP3 receptors
3) acrosomal reaction - break down zona pellucida with digestive enzymes
4) sperm penetrates zona pellucida
5) uses with plasma membrane of ovum
6) blocks binding of other sperm with calcium deposition
185
3 parturition steps
1) cervical softening
- relaxin is released = makes cervix wider & thinner
- PGF-2a is released = breaks down collagen
2) rhythmic contractions
- gap junctions are created to allow uterus to contract as 1 unit
- synthesis of oxytocin receptors
3) placenta explusion
-CRH is released = increase ATCH, cortisol & DHEA
- progesterone is converted to estrogen
186
what do cortisol & DHEA do during placenta explusion
cortisol-lung maturation
DHEA- estrogen production
187
what does estrogen do during labour
causes the formation of gap junctions & oxytocin receptors = cervical softening
188
what does CRH & ACTH act on during labour
CRH- fetal anterior pituitary
ATCH-fetal adrenal cortex
189
what does cortisol trigger during labour
fetal lung maturation = increase in surfactant = macrophages in uterus = increase in NF-kB = prostaglandin production
190
what occurs during the luteal phase
corpus luteum develops, increase in progesterone & decrease in GnRH & LH
191
what occurs during the follicular phase
luteolysis = decrease in progesterone and increase in estrogen, inhibin, LH & FSH
192
4 estrous cycle phases
1) proestrus
2) estrus
3) metestrus
4) diestrus
193
what occurs during proestrus
development of follicles, decrease in progesterone & increase in estrogen
194
what occurs during estrus
receptivity, decrease in progesterone = increase in estrogen
195
what occurs during metestrus
development of corpus luteum, decrease estrogen & increase progesterone
196
what occurs during diestrus
CL secretes progesterone & decreases estrogen until it regresses
