respiratory quiz

Question 1

Forced expiratory volume (FEV)

Answer 1

• a test which limits the time a subject has to expel vital capacity air.
• Normal 97% in 3 sec
• Reduced in restrictive pulmonary diseases.

Question 2

Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV)

Answer 2

• measures both volume and flow rates to assess overall pulmonary ventilation function
• pt inspires and expires and deeply and fast as possible while tidal volume and RR are measured
• look at average volume/respiratory cycle.
• tends to be reduced in both restrictive and obstructive diseases

Question 3

spirometer

Answer 3

the instrument used to measure breath

Question 4

spirogram

Answer 4

the record of volume change versus time of breath

Question 5

tidal volume

Answer 5

• the volume of air inspired or expired during a single normal breath
• ~500mL at rest

Question 6

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 6

• the volume of air that can be maximally inhaled after tidal inspiration
• resting IRV is male: 3300mL
• Female: 1900mL
• IRV decreases with
  
  • increased age
  • decreased compliance

Question 7

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 7

• the volume of air that can be maximally expired after tidal expiration
• males: 1000mL
• Females: 700mL
• ERV decreases with
  
  • increased age
  • decreased lung elasticity

Question 8

Residual volume (RV)

Answer 8

• the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration
• does not change with exercise
• Male: 1200ml
• Female: 1100ml
• Residual increases with
  
  • increased age

Question 9

Inspiratory capacity (IC) =

Answer 9

Tidal Volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Question 10

Expiratory capacity (EC) =

Answer 10

Tidal volume (TV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Question 11

Functional residual capacity (FRC) =

Answer 11

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

ERV + RV

Question 12

Vital capacity (VC) =

Answer 12

• inspiratory reserve volume + Tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume
• IRV + TV + ERV
• Sum of the three primary lung volumes
• Vital capacity decreases with
  
  • age
  • restrictive disorders

Question 13

Total lung capacity (TLC) =

Answer 13

inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

IRV + TV + ERV + RV

Question 14

Influencing factors on the rate of diffusion

Answer 14

• partial pressure - directly
• surface area - directly
• thickness of the membrane - indiretly
• solubility of gas - direclty
  
  • CO₂ is 20x more soluble than O₂

Question 15

Alveolar ventilation of the lungs

Ideal ratio vs. Real ratio

Why?

Answer 15

• Ideal is 1:1
• Real is 0.8-0.9:1
• Regional airflow assumes all parts of the lungs are equally ventilated and perfused.
  
  • Reality is the base has greater alvealar ventilation due to a number of factors

Question 16

Influencing Factors for ventilation-perfusion ratios: air flow to the base

Answer 16

• Larger transpulmonary pressure across the lung base
• Increased airway resistance in the upper passages
• Alveolar O₂ and CO₂ levels
  
  • High CO₂ cause decreased blood flow (high levels cause vasoconstriction and low blood flow)
  • High O₂ cause the greates blood flow (high levels cause vasodilation and increased blood flow)
• Gravity
  
  • Upright position keeps a larger percentage of blood in the lung base

Question 17

Boyle’s Law

Answer 17

PV = K

Question 18

Dalton’s law

Answer 18

Pressure = P1 + P2 + P3 + etc

Question 19

Muscles of inspiration

Answer 19

external intercostals, diaphragm

Question 20

Muscles of expiration

Answer 20

• Normal expiration = relaxation of inspiratory muscles
• Forced expiration = internal intercostals and rectus abdominus

Question 21

Compliance is

Answer 21

• C_L = V/P
• the measurement of lung distensibility or the ease of stretching
• NOTE: compliance refers ONLY to INSPIRATION!

Question 22

Compliance curve shows

Answer 22

• the ease of inflatability against averages
  
  • steep slope = easily inflatable
  • flat slope = difficult to inflate

Question 23

Calculation for the transpulmonary pressure

Answer 23

P_{(Transpulmonary)} = P_(alveolar) - P_{(interplural)}

Question 24

Calculation for pulmonary ventilation

Answer 24

Pulmonary ventilation = TV x RR

Question 25

Calculation for alveolar ventilation

Answer 25

Alveolar ventilation = (TV - ADS) x RR

Question 26

Gas exhange is _______ during inspiration and expiration

Answer 26

constant

Question 27

It takes _____ to replace all the air in the alveolus

Answer 27

90 seconds

Question 28

Calculating O₂ carrying capacity

Answer 28

Carrying capacity = gm Hb/dl x 1.34 ml O₂/gm Hb

ex: Carrying capacity = 15 g/dl x 1.34 ml O₂/gm Hb

= 20.1 ml O₂/dl

or 20 vol%

Question 29

The body requires what rate of blood flow for delivery of sufficient oxygen?

Answer 29

5 Liters

Question 30

The most powerful chemical influence on the regulation of alveolar ventilation is

Answer 30

P_CO2 in the systemic arterial blood

Question 31

The greates partial pressure of carbon dioxide is in the

Answer 31

intracellular fluid

Question 32

According to the dissociation curve, oxyhemoglobin saturation is effected PCO2, pH, H+, and Temp in the following manner.

Answer 32

• P_CO2 : directly
• pH :indirectly (increase = decrease O₂)
• H+: directly
• Temp: directly

Question 33

The Hering-Breuer reflex…

Answer 33

prevents overstretch by inhibiting further inspiration

Question 34

The Bohr Effect states

Answer 34

as H+ is loaded onto Hb, O₂ is bumped off

Question 35

The Haldane effect states

Answer 35

An increase in C_O2 production causes the Hb to accept more C_O2

thus limiting the amount of free C_O2 in blood circulation

Question 36

The distribution of C_O2 in circulation is

Answer 36

• 10% Dissolved in blood
• 20% in Carbaminohemoglobin
• 70% in Bicarbonate

Question 37

The distribution of O₂ in the blood

Answer 37

• 1.5% dissolved in the blood
• 98.5% bound in oxyhemoglobin