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Advanced Human Physiology > Brainstem functions & Autonomic System > Flashcards

Brainstem functions & Autonomic System Flashcards

1
Q

The function of the Medulla Oblongata is…

A
  • responsible for several functions of the autonomous nervous system which include:
    • respiratory via cheoreceptors of the carotid and aortic bodies
    • vasomotor via baroreceptors
    • heart rate (cardiovascular center) - sympathetic NS & PSNS
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2
Q

Nerves that originate in the medulla oblongata are:

A
  • CN IX - glossopharyngeal
  • CN X - vagus
  • CN XI - accessory
  • CN XII - hypoglossal
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3
Q

Spinal tracts that cross at the medulla oblongata are:

A
  • Dorsal columns
  • Lateral corticospinal tract
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4
Q

The function of the Pons is:

A
  • Secondary respiratory center
    • apneutic and pneumotaxic centers
  • Damage: will not have smooth transition from inspiration to expiration
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5
Q

Nerves that originate in the Pons are:

A
  • CN 5
  • CN 6
  • CN 7
  • Cn 8
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6
Q

Elevated regions of the brain are called

A

Gyri

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7
Q

Fissures in the brain are called

A

sulci

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8
Q

The Cerebrum consists of

A
  • Cerebral cortex (exterior layer of gray matter), white matter and basal ganglia (islands of gray matter in interior)
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9
Q

The Cerebral cortex (exterior layer of the cerebrum) is sometimes called ________ and is composed of

A
  • the “executive suite”, the conscious mind
  • composed of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and associated glia and blood vessels
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10
Q

The cerebral cortex has the following three types of functional areas:

A
  • Motor areas
  • Sensory areas
  • Association areas
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11
Q

All neurons in the cerebral cortex are

A

inteneurons

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12
Q

Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is concerned with the sensory and motor functions of

A
  • the contralateral (opposite) side of the body
    • Damage to one hemisphere will affect the functions of the opposite side of the body
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13
Q

The primary motor cortex is located _______; it’s function is _________.

A
  • In the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex on the precentral gyrus between the central sulcus and premotor cortex
  • control of precise or skilled voluntary movement
    • illustrated by the motor homunculus
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14
Q

Is the primary motor cortex ipsilateral or contralatera?

A
  • Contralateral
    • DAMAGE will result in loss of voluntary control of muscles on the opposite side of the body
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15
Q

Body regions of fine motor control as illustrated by the motor homunculus are:

A
  • Lips, face, eye, thumb and fingers
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16
Q

Body regions of course motor control as illustrated by the motor homunculus are:

A
  • Wrist, elbow, knees, toes, arm
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17
Q

The Premotor cortex is located ___________ and its function is _________

A
  • anterior to the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex
  • help plan movements
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18
Q

Broca’s Area is located ____________ and its function is ____________

A
  • Anterior to the inferior region of the premotor cortex within the frontal lobe
  • As a motor speech area which directs the muscles involved in speech production
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19
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia

A
  • A type of aphasia where comprehension is usually preserved, but language production is not fluent. Aka expressive aphasia
  • The language deficit ranges from muteness to slowed, simple speech using key words.
    • They often express nouns as only singular and eliminate adjectives or adverbs (eg. “the large gray cat” becomes “gray cat”)
20
Q

The Prefrontal cortex is located __________; its function is ___________

A
  • At the anterior portion of the frontal lobe
  • Function is integration of visual, auditory, and sensory info and plans the proper motor response
21
Q

The Parietal lobe somatic sensory cortex (aka. Postcentral gyrus) is located ___________; its function is __________

A
  • Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
  • To receive information from the somatic sensory receptors of the skin and from proprioreceptors in skeletal muscles, joints and tendons and identify the body region being stimulated (spatial discrimination)
    • represented by the sensory homunculus
22
Q

Regions of high sensitivity (many receptors) as represented by the sensory homunculus are:

A
  • Large: fingers, hands, cheek
23
Q

Regions of low sensitivity (few receptors) as represented by the sensory homunculus are:

A
  • Small: elbows, knees, back
24
Q

The location of the somatosensory association cortex is __________; its function is ___________.

A
  • Just posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex within the parietal lobe
  • Integrate of sensory inputs (temperature, pressure etc) relayed by the primary somatosensory cortex to produce understanding of an object
  • DAMAGE results in inability to recognise objects by touch
25
Q

The gustatory cortex is located ________; it’s function is ________

A
  • insula (parietal) deep to the temporal lobe
  • perception of taste
26
Q

The temporal lobe consists of

A
  • Primary auditory cortex
  • Auditory association cortex
  • Olfactory cortex
27
Q

The primary auditory cortex is located _________; it’s function is _______

A
  • Temporal lobe
  • perception of sound
28
Q

The auditory association area is located ________; it’s function is ________.

A
  • Temporal lobe
  • memory to interpret perceived sound
29
Q

Werniche’s Aphasia is

A
  • aka. receptive aphasia of the left posterior temporal lobe
  • Patient has the ability to speak, but does not understand being information being heard
  • Cannot respond appropriately
  • May have auditory hallucinations
30
Q

The Occipital lobe consists of

A
  • Primary visual cortex
  • Visual association area
31
Q

The Primary visual cortex is located ______; it’s function is _________

A
  • Occipital lobe
  • perception of light
32
Q

The visual association center is located _________; it’s function is ________

A
  • Occipital lobe
  • integration and interpretation of visual inputs
33
Q

The basic function of the cerebellum is

A
  • control and integration of somatic motor activities
    • smooth pursuit of movement
      • Damage results in past pointing
  • vestibular and postural reflexes
34
Q

Past pointing is _________ and is caused by damage to the _______

A
  • reaching past an object and using the eyes to walk back to pick it up
  • Damage to the cerebellum
35
Q
A
36
Q

The left side of the cerebrum is associated with strengths in

A
  • logical thought
  • problem solving, particularly with math
  • Motor control
  • Speech
37
Q

The right side of cerebrum is associated with strengths in

A
  • intuitive thought
  • subtle meanings of thought
  • understanding jokes
  • 3D spatialization
  • musical aptitude
38
Q

The Diencephalon consists of

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus - Pineal body
39
Q

The Thalamus is located in the ________; it’s function is __________

A
  • diencephalon
  • a relay station for all sensory information
    • Govenor of sensory information
    • Integrates all sensory info before reaching the cerebral cortex
40
Q

The Hypothalamus is located _______; it’s function is _________

A
  • maintenance of homeostasis through regulation of body “set” points
  • Autonomic control center
  • Endocrine control center
  • Provides motivation for behavioral drives
41
Q

The pineal body is located _________; it’s function is _______.

A
  • part of the epithalamus within the diencephalon
  • production of melatonin
    • regulates circadian rhythm
    • regulates reproductive cycles
42
Q

The mesencephalon is located _______; it’s function is________

A
  • contains visual and auditory reflex centers
  • pupillary reflexes - sensory, motor, pupilloconstriction and accommodation reflex
  • contains subcortical motor centers
  • contains nuclei for CN III (occulomotor) and IV (trochlear)
  • contains projection fibers which carry sensory impulses to other regions of the brain
43
Q

The superior colliculi is the center for

A

visual reflex

44
Q

The inferior colliculi is the center for

A

auditory reflex

45
Q

The substantia nigra and red nuclei are

A

subcortical motor centers

Advanced Human Physiology (14 decks)

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