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Advanced Human Physiology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

The literal translation of physiology is…

A

the study of nature or natural processes

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2
Q

The modern interpretation of physiology is…

A

the study of body functions

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3
Q

The literal translation of homeostasis is…

A

wisdom of the body

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4
Q

The modern meaning of homeostasis is

A

the bodies ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite a changing environment

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5
Q

A negative feedback system moves a system…

A

toward homeostasis; stabilization

the variable returns to normal values after a disturbance

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6
Q

A positive feedback system moves the system…

A
  • away from homeostasis; destabilization
  • Tries to reinforce a stimulus and take the system away from a set point
  • Not common in the human body
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7
Q

General body organization

Cells are

A
  • the basic structural unit of a living organismm
  • they vary in size, shape and function
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8
Q

General body organization

Tissues are

A
  • made up of different types of cells with a common fuction
  • 4 types in humans: epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
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9
Q

General body organization

Organs are

A
  • discrete structures, composed of at least two tissue types, that perform a specific function
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10
Q

General body organization

Organ systems are

A
  • made of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
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11
Q

Cell structure and function

General classifications rely on

A
  1. Size: range from 7-8 microns (RBCs) to 120 microns (Purkinje fibers)
  2. Shape: squamous, columnar, cuboidal
  3. Function: exocrine, endocrine, contractile, etc.
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12
Q

Organells are

A

structures w/in a cell that have specific functions

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13
Q

Inclusions are

A

residues w/in a cell

ex. pigment granules, viruses, bacteria, glycogen (stored sugar) etc.

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14
Q

Membranous organelles include the following:

A
  • nucleus
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • mitochondria
  • golig apparatus
  • encased within a phospholipid bilayer
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15
Q

Non-membranous membranes include the following:

A
  • Microtubules
  • Microfiliments
  • Centrioles
  • Ribosomes
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16
Q

A micelle is…

A

a single layer phospholipid structure

  • If the hydrophilic heads point out the medium is water
  • If the hydrophobic tails point out the medium is non-polar.
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17
Q

The hydrophilic heads are

A

non-lipid soluble and polar

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18
Q

The hydrophobic tains are

A

lipid soluble and non-polar

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19
Q

Phospholipids move within the membrane _______ and are arranged _______.

A
  • laterally
  • asymmetrically
20
Q

Cholesterol has the role of _________ of the phospholipid bilayer

A

stabilizing the membrane

21
Q

Proteins are arranged _________ in the phospholipid bilayer.

A
  • asymmetrically
  • may span the membrane (integral/intrinsic) or exist on the inner or outer periphery (ecto- endoprotein)
22
Q

The glycocalyx is

A
  • “sugar cup”
  • sugar coating to reduce friction on the surface of the cell
23
Q

The intracellular region carries a _____ charge

A

negative

24
Q

The extracellular matrix carries a ________ charge

A

positive

25
Q

The function of the nucleus is

A
  • contains DNA
  • is the site where transcription occurs
26
Q

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is

A
  • forms proteins
  • reticulum means “netting”
27
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • is the region of the cell that forms carbohydrates and lipids
28
Q

The mitochondrion

A

is the organelle which produces ATP (energy) through the aerobic citric acid cycle (Kreb cycle)

29
Q

The function of the lisosome

A

is to break down material in the cell

They contain powerful digestive enzymes

they are produced by the golgi apparatus

30
Q

The function of the golgi apparatus is

A

to store and package molecules made in cell.

The cis face stores incoming material

the trans face packages and releases lysosomes

31
Q

The function of microtubules is

A

to transport substances through the cell

it is part of the cytoskeleton

32
Q

The function of the microfilaments is

A

to act as contractile elements

they are part of the cytoskeleton

33
Q

The role of centrioles is to

A

guide chromosomes during mitosis

34
Q

Ribosomes carry

A

RNA

35
Q

Anabolism is

A

the building chemical reactions within a cell

36
Q

Catabolism is the

A

breaking down chemical reactions in the cell

37
Q

excretion is

A

releasing of waste products from the cell

38
Q

secretion is

A

the releasing of synthesized molecules from a cell (mucous, proteins, hormones etc)

39
Q

Mitosis is

A

cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell (46)

40
Q

The order of steps of mitosis is

A
  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. anaphase
  4. telophase
  5. interphase
41
Q

During prophase…

A

the nuclear membrane dissapears and chromosomes form

42
Q

During metaphase

A

chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate

43
Q

During anaphase

A

chromosomes move back towards the centrioles

44
Q

During telephase

A

chromosomes approximate centrioles (cytokinesis)

the parent cell divides into two daughter cells

45
Q

During interphase

A

the cell duplicates chromosomes in three phases

  1. Gap1: organelles replicate
  2. Synthesis: DNA duplicates
  3. Gap2: final protein synthesis
46
Q

Mitosis occurs in order to

A

replace or increase tissue mass

47
Q
A

Advanced Human Physiology (14 decks)

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