Blood and Blood typing Flashcards
1
Q
The process of RBC destruction is
A
- Spleen and liver remove dead RBCs
- Salvage iron and protein
- Remainder becomes bilirubin
- Liver incorporates bilirubin into bile
- Secreted into intestine
- Some lost with feces
2
Q
Dietary factors for RBC production
A
- Folic acid for cell division
- Vitamin B12 for erythrocyte maturation factor
- Iron for hemoglobin formation
- Protein for globin subunits
3
Q
Stimulators of RBC production
A
- Occurs in bone marrow
- Stimulated by eryhropoeitin excreted from kidneys
- Arterial hypoxia (lung disease or high altitudes)
- Testosterone
4
Q
RBC physical facts
A
- Biconcave, anucleated cell
- 7.2 micrometers in diameter
5
Q
Functions of the RBC
A
- Transports: Nutrients, Respiratory gasses, waste, and hormones
- Regulates: Body temperature and pH
- Protection: clot formation
- Nonspecific immunity: macrophages, natural killer cells
- Specific immunity: B and T lymphocytes
6
Q
Define blood
A
- Opaque red liquid connective tissue containing formed elements suspended in fluid plasma
- 90-95% of blood is water
7
Q
What is anemia?
A
- An abnormally low O2 carrying capacity of blood
- less than 16ml O2/dl of blood
8
Q
Anemia can be caused by
A
- Decreased number of RBCs
- Decreased Hb content
- Decreased Hb and RBCs
9
Q
Thalassemia is
A
- a genetic disorder which causes abnormal formation of hemoglobin leading to anemia
10
Q
Pernicious anemia is
A
- an autoimmune disease where antibodies attack parietal cells of the gastric glands that produce intrinsic factor preventing absorption of vitamin B12
- Or: a lack of B12
- Result: RBCs don’t mature properly and are macrocytic, hyperchroic, and nucleated
11
Q
Iron-deficiency anemia
A
- Cause: lack of iron, decreased Hb production
- Result: macrocytic, hypochromic
12
Q
Aplastic anemia
A
- aka normocytic/ normochromic anemia
- Cause: cytotoxic drugs, radiation, arsenic, DDT, benzene, genetic failure, or blood loss
- Results: reduced RBC count, decreased hematocrit
13
Q
Polycythemia
A
- An increase in the number of circulating RBCs
- >6.2 million cells/microliter
14
Q
Polycythemia vera
A
- A chronic slow progressive disease of the bone marrow
- Result: An increase in RBC number due to hyperactivity of the bone marrow
- Cause: high altitudes, carbon monoxide poisoning, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, and other lung problems
- Results: viscous blood increases load on the heart and can cause damage to the vessels leading to thrombosis.
15
Q
Function and percentage of Neutrophils
A
- 50-70%
- First phagocytes to arrive to the site of a bacterial invasion
- Die in greatest number during bacterial infection
16
Q
Function and percentage of Eosinophils
A
- 1-5%
- Engulf immune complexes or antigen-antibodies
- Detox foreign proteins
- Elevated with chronic allergies or parasitic infections
17
Q
Function and percentage of Basophils
A
- 0-1%
- Secrete heparin and histamine
- inhibits clotting, and causes vasodilation to promote inflammation and increases capillary permeability
18
Q
Function and percentage of lymphocytes
A
- 20-40%
- T-lymphocyte: produced in bone marrow and developed in the thymus
- Cell mediated immunity - fight viruses, suppress immune response, act as helpers
- B-lymphocyte: produced and developed in the marrow.
- Antibody-mediated immunity - fight bacteria
- Natural killer cells: remove pre-cancer or cancerous cells
19
Q
Function and percentage of monocytes
A
- 1-6%
- mature into macrophages (phagocytes)
- recognize and engulf invaders
- Present invaders to helper T cells (lymphocyte)
- Secrete interleukin I
20
Q
The local inflammatory response is
A
- redness
- heat
- swelling
21
Q
Plasma r/t blood donation
A
- whole blood - formed elements
- Contains electrolytes: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-
- don’t need blood type to donate
- second safest donation
22
Q
Serum r/t blood donation
A
- Serum = plasma - clotting factors
- don’t need blood type to donate
- SAFEST donation
23
Q
The most dangerous blood donations are
A
whole blood
YOU MUST TYPE!
24
Q
The functions of plasma proteins are
A
- Maintain capillary osmotic pressure (hold water)
- Act as buffer to maintain pH
- Transport hormones
- Reserve of amino acids for cell nutrition
- Blood coagulation
25
Q
Albumin
A
- maintain osmotic pressure and transport
26
Q
Globulins
A
- Lipoproteins; immunoglobulins
27
Q
Fibrinogen
A
blood clotting
28
Q
Processes that maintain hemostasis r/t vessel rupture
A
- vasoconstriction above rupture
- Platelets clump to fill rupture
- Formation of hemostatic plug (clot)
- Clot retraction and dissolution (prevent thrombus)
29
Q
Stage I of Coagulation
A
- Formation of prothrombin converting factor
30
Q
Stage II of Coagulation
A
- Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin requires
- prothrombin
- prothrombin converting factor
- calcium
31
Q
Stage III of Coagulation
A
- Convert soluable fibrinogen to insoluable fibrin (coagulation) requires
- Fibrinogen
- Throbin
- calcium
32
Q
Physiological anticoagulants
A
- antithromboplastin
- antithrombin III
- heparin
33
Q
Anticoagulant drugs
A
- Agents depressing procoagulants
- Agents that remove Ca2+ from the blood
- Agents that inhibit prothrombin synthesis in the liver
34
Q
Clot buster drugs
A
- Tissue plasminogen activation (TPA)
- Streptokinase
- clot busters must be administered within 60 minutes of symptoms
35
Q
Antigens are
A
proteins found on the RBC membrane
36
Q
Antibodies are
A
proteins found in the plasma
37
Q
Major agglutination is
A
- agglutination of the donor’s blood
- occurs when the recipent’s antibodies attack the antigens on the donor RBC
38
Q
Minor agglutination is
A
- agglutination of the recipient’s RBCs
- occurs when the donor’s antibodies attack the recipient’s antigens on the RBC surface
39
Q
When assessing risk for reaction with blood donation ask
A
- Will the recipient’s antibodies attack the donor’s RBC antigens?
- Yes = major agglutination
- Will the donor’s antibodies attack the recipients RBC antigens?
- Yes = minor agglutination
- NOTE: O- whole blood can be given to anyone in an emergency and will result in minor agglutination (except O- recipient)
