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Advanced Human Physiology > Blood and Blood typing > Flashcards

Blood and Blood typing Flashcards

1
Q

The process of RBC destruction is

A
  1. Spleen and liver remove dead RBCs
  2. Salvage iron and protein
  3. Remainder becomes bilirubin
  4. Liver incorporates bilirubin into bile
  5. Secreted into intestine
  6. Some lost with feces
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2
Q

Dietary factors for RBC production

A
  • Folic acid for cell division
  • Vitamin B12 for erythrocyte maturation factor
  • Iron for hemoglobin formation
  • Protein for globin subunits
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3
Q

Stimulators of RBC production

A
  • Occurs in bone marrow
  • Stimulated by eryhropoeitin excreted from kidneys
  • Arterial hypoxia (lung disease or high altitudes)
  • Testosterone
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4
Q

RBC physical facts

A
  • Biconcave, anucleated cell
  • 7.2 micrometers in diameter
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5
Q

Functions of the RBC

A
  • Transports: Nutrients, Respiratory gasses, waste, and hormones
  • Regulates: Body temperature and pH
  • Protection: clot formation
    • Nonspecific immunity: macrophages, natural killer cells
    • Specific immunity: B and T lymphocytes
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6
Q

Define blood

A
  • Opaque red liquid connective tissue containing formed elements suspended in fluid plasma
  • 90-95% of blood is water
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7
Q

What is anemia?

A
  • An abnormally low O2 carrying capacity of blood
    • less than 16ml O2/dl of blood
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8
Q

Anemia can be caused by

A
  • Decreased number of RBCs
  • Decreased Hb content
  • Decreased Hb and RBCs
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9
Q

Thalassemia is

A
  • a genetic disorder which causes abnormal formation of hemoglobin leading to anemia
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10
Q

Pernicious anemia is

A
  • an autoimmune disease where antibodies attack parietal cells of the gastric glands that produce intrinsic factor preventing absorption of vitamin B12
  • Or: a lack of B12
  • Result: RBCs don’t mature properly and are macrocytic, hyperchroic, and nucleated
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11
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia

A
  • Cause: lack of iron, decreased Hb production
  • Result: macrocytic, hypochromic
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12
Q

Aplastic anemia

A
  • aka normocytic/ normochromic anemia
  • Cause: cytotoxic drugs, radiation, arsenic, DDT, benzene, genetic failure, or blood loss
  • Results: reduced RBC count, decreased hematocrit
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13
Q

Polycythemia

A
  • An increase in the number of circulating RBCs
    • >6.2 million cells/microliter
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14
Q

Polycythemia vera

A
  • A chronic slow progressive disease of the bone marrow
  • Result: An increase in RBC number due to hyperactivity of the bone marrow
  • Cause: high altitudes, carbon monoxide poisoning, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, and other lung problems
  • Results: viscous blood increases load on the heart and can cause damage to the vessels leading to thrombosis.
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15
Q

Function and percentage of Neutrophils

A
  • 50-70%
  • First phagocytes to arrive to the site of a bacterial invasion
  • Die in greatest number during bacterial infection
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16
Q

Function and percentage of Eosinophils

A
  • 1-5%
  • Engulf immune complexes or antigen-antibodies
  • Detox foreign proteins
  • Elevated with chronic allergies or parasitic infections
17
Q

Function and percentage of Basophils

A
  • 0-1%
  • Secrete heparin and histamine
  • inhibits clotting, and causes vasodilation to promote inflammation and increases capillary permeability
18
Q

Function and percentage of lymphocytes

A
  • 20-40%
  • T-lymphocyte: produced in bone marrow and developed in the thymus
    • Cell mediated immunity - fight viruses, suppress immune response, act as helpers
  • B-lymphocyte: produced and developed in the marrow.
    • Antibody-mediated immunity - fight bacteria
  • Natural killer cells: remove pre-cancer or cancerous cells
19
Q

Function and percentage of monocytes

A
  • 1-6%
  • mature into macrophages (phagocytes)
  • recognize and engulf invaders
  • Present invaders to helper T cells (lymphocyte)
  • Secrete interleukin I
20
Q

The local inflammatory response is

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • swelling
21
Q

Plasma r/t blood donation

A
  • whole blood - formed elements
    • Contains electrolytes: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-
  • don’t need blood type to donate
  • second safest donation
22
Q

Serum r/t blood donation

A
  • Serum = plasma - clotting factors
  • don’t need blood type to donate
  • SAFEST donation
23
Q

The most dangerous blood donations are

A

whole blood

YOU MUST TYPE!

24
Q

The functions of plasma proteins are

A
  • Maintain capillary osmotic pressure (hold water)
  • Act as buffer to maintain pH
  • Transport hormones
  • Reserve of amino acids for cell nutrition
  • Blood coagulation
25
Q

Albumin

A
  • maintain osmotic pressure and transport
26
Q

Globulins

A
  • Lipoproteins; immunoglobulins
27
Q

Fibrinogen

A

blood clotting

28
Q

Processes that maintain hemostasis r/t vessel rupture

A
  • vasoconstriction above rupture
  • Platelets clump to fill rupture
  • Formation of hemostatic plug (clot)
  • Clot retraction and dissolution (prevent thrombus)
29
Q

Stage I of Coagulation

A
  • Formation of prothrombin converting factor
30
Q

Stage II of Coagulation

A
  • Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin requires
    • prothrombin
    • prothrombin converting factor
    • calcium
31
Q

Stage III of Coagulation

A
  • Convert soluable fibrinogen to insoluable fibrin (coagulation) requires
    • Fibrinogen
    • Throbin
    • calcium
32
Q

Physiological anticoagulants

A
  • antithromboplastin
  • antithrombin III
  • heparin
33
Q

Anticoagulant drugs

A
  • Agents depressing procoagulants
  • Agents that remove Ca2+ from the blood
  • Agents that inhibit prothrombin synthesis in the liver
34
Q

Clot buster drugs

A
  • Tissue plasminogen activation (TPA)
  • Streptokinase
    • clot busters must be administered within 60 minutes of symptoms
35
Q

Antigens are

A

proteins found on the RBC membrane

36
Q

Antibodies are

A

proteins found in the plasma

37
Q

Major agglutination is

A
  • agglutination of the donor’s blood
  • occurs when the recipent’s antibodies attack the antigens on the donor RBC
38
Q

Minor agglutination is

A
  • agglutination of the recipient’s RBCs
  • occurs when the donor’s antibodies attack the recipient’s antigens on the RBC surface
39
Q

When assessing risk for reaction with blood donation ask

A
  1. Will the recipient’s antibodies attack the donor’s RBC antigens?
    1. Yes = major agglutination
  2. Will the donor’s antibodies attack the recipients RBC antigens?
    1. Yes = minor agglutination
  3. NOTE: O- whole blood can be given to anyone in an emergency and will result in minor agglutination (except O- recipient)

Advanced Human Physiology (14 decks)

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