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Advanced Human Physiology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • Removal of salt, nitrogenous and foreign substances
  • Maintain blood osmolarity (NaCl and water)
  • Maintain electrolyte balance
  • Regulation of blood pH
  • RBC production
  • Helps control BP
  • Helps increase Ca2+
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2
Q

What are the types of filtration in the urinary system?

A
  • Glomerular
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Tubular secretion
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3
Q

Glomerular filtration =

A

(GBP - COP) - (PPOP + CHP)

(out) - (in)

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4
Q

GBP is

A

glomerular pressure

OUTWARD force

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5
Q

COP is

A

capsular osmotic pressure

OUTWARD FORCE (but usually 0)

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6
Q

PPOP is

A

plasma protein osmotic pressure

INWARD FORCE

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7
Q

CHP is

A

capsular hydrostatic pressure

INWARD force

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8
Q

glomerular filtration rate is defined as

A

the rate at which filtrate enters the tubule

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9
Q

What role do the kidneys play in regulating the GFR?

A
  1. They regulate blood volume
    1. If BP is too high, GFR is increased resulting in fluid loss
    2. If BP is too low, GFR is decreased resulting in fluid retention
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10
Q

What happens to the bodies fluid balance if the GFR is increased?

A

The body has more time to filter and thus loses more fluid causing BP to drop.

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11
Q

What happens to the bodies fluid balance if the GFR is decreased?

A

The body has less time to filter and thus retains fluid causing BP to increase.

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12
Q

If BP is too high, what happens to the GFR and by what mechanism does this occur?

A
  • Afferent arteriole is vasodilated
  • Efferent arteriole is vasoconstricted
  • GBP increases
  • GFR increases
  • Result = fluid loss and BP drop
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13
Q

What factors cause vasodilation of the afferent arteriole?

A
  • ANP - atrial natriuretic protein from the rt atrium
  • Inhibition of the sympathetic NS by cardiovascular baroreceptors
  • Norepinephrine reduction/ non-release
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14
Q

If BP is too low, what happens in the body to correct?

A
  • Afferent arteriole is vasoconstricted
  • Efferent arteriole is dilated
  • GBP decreases
  • GFR decreases
  • Result = Fluid retention + Inc. BP
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15
Q

What factors cause vasoconstriction of AA?

A
  • sympathetic NS releases NE on alpha-1 receptors
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16
Q

How does a JGA respond to a high GFR?

A
  • High GFR causes increased pressure in the MD cells of the DCT
  • Increased BP in the MD signals the JG cells
  • JG cells cause the afferent arteriole to vasoconstrict
  • Vasoconstriction of AA
    • Result: Decreased GFR, Decreased BP, fluid levels decrease to baseline
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17
Q

How does a JGA respond to a low GFR?

A
  • Low BP or increased solute sensed by MD cells
  • MD cells signal JG cells
  • JG cells cause vasodilation of AA
    • Result: GFR increases, BP increases, fluid levels rise to baseline
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18
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  • is part of the renal sympathetic nervous system
  • is made up of
    • the distal tubule (MD cells)
    • afferent arteriole (JG cellls)
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19
Q

What is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A
  • 70% of NaCl
  • 70% of H2O
    • obligatory
    • No ADH needed
  • All glucose
  • 99% amino acids
  • 50% Ca2+
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20
Q

What is secreted by the PCT?

A
  • H+ in the form of NH3/NH4 and titratable acid
    • causes regeneration of HCO3- in blood
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21
Q

What is absorbed by the descending loop of Henle?

A
  • 5% of H2O
    • epithelium freely permeable to H2O
  • NaCl is concentrated in a gradient
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22
Q

What are the functions of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A
  • Thin segment
    • NaCl diffuses out into interstitial fluid
    • Tubular fluid is hypotonic
  • Thick segment
    • Cl- is pumped out of the tubule
    • Na+ follows passively
      • filtrate becomes even more dilute
      • NaCl is flowing out due to osmotic gradient set up by DLH
        • ​​countercurrent multiplication
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23
Q

What is the action of the DCT?

A
  • Site of aldosterone and ADH action
  • Reabsorption
    • 9% Na (via Na+/K+ pump)
    • HCO3- (active transport)
    • 50% Ca exchanged for PO43-
    • 25% H2O
  • Secretion
    • K+, H+, PO43-
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24
Q

What is the action of the collecting tube?

A
  • Reaborption
    • remaining H20 to concentrate urine
      • in outer medulla - by NaCl gradient
      • in inner medulla - by urea gradient
    • filtrate passed to renal pelvis and out ureters to become urine
25
Q

To calculate renal clearance of plasma (plasma clearance)

A

Clearance of x = Rate of urinary excretion of x (mg/min)

plasma concentration of x (mg/mL)

26
Q

define diuresis

A

an increased urine flow rate

27
Q

Define diuretic

A

an agent that increases urine output

28
Q

What are the types of diuretics?

A
  • afferent arteriole dilators
  • osmotic diuretics
  • metabolic inhibitors
29
Q

What effects do arteriole dilators have on the body?

A
  • They increase hydrostatic blood pressure
  • Increased GFR
  • increase filtration rate
  • increase fluid loss
  • decrease blood volume
  • decrease blood pressure
30
Q

What are osmotic diuretics?

A
  • It is a substance excreted in urine that interferes with water reabsorption by osmotically holding water in the tubule
  • They also increase salt excretion which decreases water reabsorption
31
Q

Common osmotic diuretics are

A
  • Mannitol
  • glucose
    • DM - increased glucose is filtered and remains in the tubes causing polyurea
  • urea
    • produced by liver
    • enters interstitial of medulla
    • pulls water out of collecting duct
    • urea in tube increases NaCl excretion holding water.
32
Q

Common metabolic inhibitor diuretics are

A
  • loop diuretics
    • inhibit Na+ reabsorption
    • Act at the thin ALH
    • Na+ stays in tubule and is lost,, water follows
33
Q

Increased solutes results in ________ osmolarity

A

increased

direct relationship

34
Q

Increased fluids results in ______ osmolarity

A

decreases osmolarity

indirect relationship

35
Q

Aldosterone release from the z. glomerulosa causes

A
  1. Na+ reabsorption in exchange for K+
  2. Na+ absorption can occur on alone
    1. water will follow ONLY if ADH is present
36
Q

Aldosterone release may be stimulated by

A

increased angiotensin II through the RAAS system

High K+ levels

37
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) causes what effect in the body

A
  • Inhibits Na+ reabsorption in the DCT
  • Inhibits ADN release blocking reabsorption in the DCT
  • Causes vasodilation of the AA
    • thus increasing GFR
38
Q

Estrogen has a similar effect as

A

aldosterone

increases Na+ absorption (bloating)

39
Q

Countercurrent exchange occurs in what regions

A

descending loop of henle

ascending vasa recta

40
Q

the solute in the renal cortex is

A

salt

41
Q

the solute in the renal medulla is

A

urea

42
Q

normal blood osmolarity is

A

285-300 mosm/L

43
Q

Increased osmolarity causes

A

shrinking cells and depolarization

44
Q

ADH causes increased water absorption in the

A

DCT and collecting duct

45
Q

diabetes insipidus is

A

lack of ADH, water loss without sugar

excess water loss, patient is always thirsty

46
Q

Maltase digests

A

the disaccharide maltose into

glucose + glucose

47
Q

Lactase digests

A

disaccharide lactose into

glucose + galactose

48
Q

Lipase digests

A

fats/ triglycerides

49
Q

carboxypeptidase digests

A

proteins

other protein enzymes are trypsin, chymotrypsin (s. int) and pepsin (stomach)

50
Q

The SI absorbes

A
  • most nutrients and 8500 ml of water
  • Duodenum: some sugars
  • Jejunum: sugars, amino acids, dipeptides, fat components
  • Ileum: vitamin B12 and bile salts
51
Q

The LI absorbs

A
  • 400 mL
  • vitamin B and K
52
Q

receptive relaxation occurs in the

A

stomach in response to each swallow to allow the food bolus to enter and prevent esophageal reflux

53
Q

gastrin is

A

a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility.

54
Q

pepsinogen is

A

a substance excreted by chief cells in the stomach that is converted into the enzyme pepsin by gastric acids (HCl)

55
Q

autocrine control of endocrine system is

A
  • hormone binds to same cell that released it
56
Q

peracrine control on the endocrine system is

A
  • where the hormone binds to receptors on adjacent cells
57
Q

endocrine control of the endocrine system is

A

where the hormone is transported through a vein or duct before acting on a cell/organ/system etc.

58
Q
A

Advanced Human Physiology (14 decks)

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