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Advanced Human Physiology > Cranial Nerves, Vison, Audition, and Equilibrium > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves, Vison, Audition, and Equilibrium Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial Nerve I

Name, Type, and Function

A
  • Olfactory
  • sensory
  • conveys sense of smell
  • Damage = distortion to smell and taste
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2
Q

Cranial Nerve II

Name, Type, and Function

A
  • Optic
  • Sensory
  • vision
  • Damage = various vision impairments
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3
Q

Cranial Nerve III

Name, Type, and Function

A
  • Oculomotor
  • Motor
    • Moves 4/6 extraocular nerves
  • Parasympathetic NS
    • Accomodation of the lens
    • Pupillary constriction
    • eyeball convergence
  • Damage = diplopia, strabismus (incoordination of eyes), ptosis (eyelid drooping) and mydriasis (pupil dilation), inability to open eye, copensatory head tilting
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4
Q

Cranial Nerve IV

Name, Type, and Function

A
  • Trochlear
  • Motor
  • moves superior oblique extraocular muscle
  • Damage = diplopia
    • affected eye adducted and elevated
    • eye cannot move downwards properly
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5
Q

Cranial Nerve V

Name, Type, and Function

A
  • Trigeminal nerve (three parts)
  • Sensory
    • brings in sensory information from the face and jaw
  • Motor
    • moves the muscles of mastication (masseter)
  • Damage = trigeminal neuralgia (pain), cluster headache, trigeminal zoster
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6
Q

Cranial Nerve VI

Name, Type, and Function

A
  • Abducens nerve
  • Motor
  • moves the lateral rectus extraocular muscle
  • Damage = diplopia
    • eye is pulled towards the nose
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7
Q

Cranial Nerve VII

Name, Type, and Function

A
  • Facial nerve
  • Sensory
    • taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Motor
    • moves all muscles of facial expression
  • Parasympathetic NS
    • stimulates salivation and lacrimal glands
  • Damage = facial palsy, Bell’s palsy
    • drooping of affected side of face
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8
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII

Name, Type, and Function

A
  • Vestibulocochlear
  • Sensory
    • brings auditory (hearing) information from the cochlea
    • Brings in angular acceleration (balance) info from semicircular canals
    • Brings in static acceleration (balance) info from vestibule
  • Damage = sensation of spinning, loss of hearing
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9
Q

Cranial Nerve IX

Name, Type, and Function

A
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve
  • Sensory
    • taste in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
  • Motor
    • stimulates skeletal muscle in pharynx ad larynx for swallowing
  • Parasympathetic NS
    • Brings in cardiovascular sensory info from carotid sinus
    • [blood pressure (baroreceptors) and blood chemistry chemoreceptors)}
    • Stimulates salivation of the parotid salivation gland
  • Damage = absence of gag reflex, deviation of uvula
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10
Q

Cranial Nerve X

Name, Type, and Function

A
  • Vagus Nerve
  • Sensory
    • brings in taste from the base of the tongue and oropharynx
  • Motor
    • stimulates skeletal muscles in the pharynx and larynx in swallowing
  • Parasympathetic NS
    • sensory and motor for most of the viscera; control stopes at the level of the colon
  • Damage = increase BP, increase HR, difficulties in swallowing
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11
Q

Cranial Nerve XI

Name, Type, and Function

A
  • Accessory
  • Motor
    • stimulates skeletal muscle in the pharynx and larynx for swallowing
    • Stimulates the sternocleidomastoid muscle
    • Stimulates the trapezius muscle
  • Damage = ipsilateral weakness of the trapezius, inability to raise the scapula, weakness of sternocleidomastoid muscle
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12
Q

Cranial Nerve XII

Name, Type, and Function

A
  • Hypoglossal
  • Motor
    • stimulates the tongue
  • Damage = tongue deviates to the side of damage
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13
Q

Nerves that control eye movement

A

CN III - oculomotor -

CN IV - trochlear -

CN VI - abducens -

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14
Q

Nerves that control taste

A
  • VII - facial - anterior 2/3
  • IX - glossopharyngeal - posterior 1/3
  • X - vagus - base/oropharynx
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15
Q

Nerves that control salivation

A
  • VII - (facial) sublingual, submandibular
  • IX - (Glossopharyngeal) parotid
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16
Q

Nerves that control swallowing

A
  • involuntary phase
    • IX - glossopharyngeal
    • X - vagus
    • XI - accesory
  • voluntary phase
    • XII - hypoglossal
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17
Q

Nerves that control the parasympathetic NS

A
  • III - occularmotor - close vision
  • VII - facial - salivation; lacrimal
  • IX - glossopharyngeal - sensory in: CV pressure/chemistry salivation
  • X - vagus - rest and digest
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18
Q

Exteroreceptors

A
  • by which one perceives the outside world
    • skin, mucus membranes, special senses
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19
Q

Interoreceptors

A
  • by which one perceives pain, hunger, etc., and the movement of internal organs
    • Proprioceptors in muscle spindles, golgi tendon organ, joint capsules, and inner ear
    • Visceroceptors (in organs or passageways): baroreceptors, stretch receptors, chemoreceptors
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20
Q

The attributs of sensation are

A
  • Modality
  • Quality of the modality
  • Quantity
  • Localization of projection
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21
Q

Modality is

A

the type of sensory information, including exteroceptive, proprioceptive or visceroceptive

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22
Q

Quality of modality refers to

A

the exact kind and depth of modality

i.e. with touch it can be temperature, light touch, deep pressure, vibration.

Quality is carried to the brain on a specific tract called labeled line coding.

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23
Q

The sensation attribute of quantity is

A

the intensity of a threshold potential as coded by frequency of the action potentials; either by population coding or labeled line coding

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24
Q

The attribute of sensation, localization of projection is

A
  • the stimulus affects a receptive field.
  • Info from the receptive field is then carried to a specific region of the primary sensory area of the parietal lobe in the brain (post central gyrus) providing awareness of stimulation
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25
Q

What is the law of specific nerve energies

A
  • All receptors will respond to a very strong stimulus
  • regardless of type or strength of stimulaus to a given receptor, the receptor will always respond the same.
    • eg: application of pressure to the eyeball will result in a visual sensation event of “seeing light”
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26
Q

The Law of adequate stimulus

A

aka optimal stimulus, unique stimulus to which a particular receptor responds and is most sensitive

eg: light is the most optimal stimulus for the retina

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27
Q

Generator potential

A
  • In response to the stimulus, the receptor undergoes transduction; the process of converting the mechanical stimulus into an action potential
  • A receptor, which are specialized dendrites, cannot conduct an action potential. Instead, they open channels or release neurotransmitters causing depolarization and an action potential to begin along the ason of a sensory neuron.
28
Q

Pacinian corpuscle receives info on

A

deep pressure and vibration

29
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles receive info on

A

light touch

30
Q

The neural pathway of olfaction

A
  1. Receptor: olfactory receptor cells
  2. Transduction
    1. gas binds to receptors
    2. Na+ channels open and begins depolarization
    3. Neurotransmitter is dumped into mitral cells of olfactory bulb releasing AP
  3. Sensory neuron : AP carried via olfactory tract (CN I)
  4. CNS Area
    1. CN I
    2. Thalamus
    3. Olfactory complex in Temporal lobe
    4. Limbic system: analyze emotional aspects
31
Q

Neural pathways of Taste

A
  1. Receptors: gustatory or taste cells of taste buds
  2. Transduction
    1. Saliva dissolves food
    2. Molecule binds to microvilli
    3. Chemical channels open
    4. Taste cell dups NT onto dendrite of sensory neuron
  3. Sensory Neurons
    1. VII (facial)
    2. IX (glossopharyngeal
    3. X (Vagus)
  4. CNS area
    1. Gustatory cortex in parietal lobe
    2. Hypothalamus and limbic system, appreciate the taste
32
Q

General structure and function of auditory system

A
  • Outer ear
    • pinna
    • external auditory cana
  • Middle ear
    • malleus, incus, stapes
    • Eustachian tube
  • Inner ear
    • Cochlea
    • semicirucular canals
    • vestibule
33
Q

Overall Pathway of auditory signals

A
  1. External auditory canal
  2. Typmanic membrane
  3. malleus
  4. incus
  5. stapes
  6. oval window
  7. cochlea
34
Q

Transduction of auditory signals in the cochlea

A
  • vibration caused by movement of the stapes in the oval window causes fluid movement
  • Fluid movement causes the basilar membrane, and thus the organ of corti to move
  • Hair cells on the organ of corti bend as they strike the tectorial membrane
  • Ca+ channels open and depolarize hair cells
  • NT dumped onto dendrites of CN VIII
35
Q

Detection of sound frequency in the cochlea

A
  • Fibers near the apex (beginning) are floppy; sense 20 Hz, low pitch
  • Fibers near the base (end) are short and stiff; sense 20,000 Hz high pitch
36
Q

Intensity of auditory signals are measured in ______. They are coded by ________.

A
  • decibels
  • frequency of APs
37
Q

Auditory nerve pathways

A
  • CN VIII
    • sensory info is duplicated
    • sent to both sides of the brainstem upon entering
  • Inferior colliculus
  • Medial geniculate body of thalamus
  • Auditory cortex in temporal lobe
38
Q

The organs that sense static equilibrium are

A
  • Otolithiic organs in the vestibule
    • Utricle
    • Saccule
39
Q

The Utricle senses

A
  • Linear acceleration in the horizontal plane
40
Q

The Saccule senses

A
  • Linear acceleration in the verticle plane
41
Q

The receptors in the utricle and saccule are ________.

They consist of _______ and _________.embedded in the overlying membrane.

A
  • macula
  • stereocilia
  • kinoclium
42
Q

With linear movement head movement, ______ and membrane move.

This causes the ______ to bend

A
  • otoliths
  • kinocilia
43
Q

When stereocilia bend toward the kinocilium, ________ occurs.

A

depolarization

44
Q

When steriocilia bend away from kinocilium, ________ occurs

A

hyperpolarization

45
Q

When you accelerate (spin) towards the left the fluid moves _______.

Depolarization occurs in the ____________.

Hyperpolarization occurs in the ___________.

While spinning, nystagmus has a horizontal fast component to the ______ and a slow component to the ______.

A
  • fluid moves to the right
  • Depolarization occurs in the left lateral canal
  • Hyperpolarization occurs in the right lateral canal
  • Left toward the direction of spin
  • Right opposite of the direction of spin
  • **IF the direction of spin were oppoite, the above directions would as well.
46
Q

While spinning, nystagmus has a horizontal fast component to the ______ and a slow component to the ______.

A
  • direction of spin
  • opposite of spin
47
Q

After stopping spinning, nystagmus has a horizontal fast component to the ______ and a slow component to the ______.

A
  • opposite direction of spin
  • toward the direction of spin
48
Q

The vestibular apparatus includes

A
  • The semicircular canals
  • the vestibule
    • utricle
    • saccule
49
Q

The Equilibrium pathway to the brain

A
  • Hair cells in the vestibular apparatus activate the vestibular nerve
  • impulses travel to either
    • cerebellum, then/or
    • vestibular nuclei (in brain stem)
  • There, the info is integrated and sent to
    • CN III
    • CN IV
    • CN VI
    • CN XI
50
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium is detected by the

A
  • semicircular canals
  • they detect angular acceleration in three planes
51
Q

The ciliary muscle is controlled by the CN ____

A

CN III

52
Q

The point of maximal visual acuity is the _________

A

fovea centralis

53
Q

The blind spot in the eye is the

A

optic disc

54
Q

Explain dynamic equilibrium

A
  1. Receptor: Cristae ampullaris
    1. found in semicircular canals
      2.
55
Q

What forms the floow of the scala media (cochlear duct); part of the organ of Corti?

A

The basilar membrane

56
Q

Hair cells near the _____ are maximally stimulated by 20,000 Hz sound

A

Hair cells near the base of the cochlea

57
Q

Hair cells near the _____ of the cochlea are maximally stimulated by 4,000 Hz sound

A

Hair cells near the apex of the cochlea

58
Q

Within the cochlea, the structure has within it embedded hairs

A

Tectorial membrane

59
Q

This membrane forms the roof of the scala media (cochlear duct)

A

Vestibular media

60
Q

So that the tympanic membrane can vibrate normally, the ________ allows air pressure to become equal on either side.

A

eustachian tube

61
Q

The primary function of the stapes is to

A

to transmit vibratory motion of the eardrum to the oval window.

62
Q

Interpreting sound intensity (loudness) involves the

A

organ of Corti

63
Q

Multple choice…The organ of Corti is

  • A. located in the scala media
  • B. responsible for hearing
  • C. responsible for equilibrium
  • D. located in the scala tympani
  • E. two of the proceeding
A
  • E. two of the proceeding
    • A. located in the scala media
    • B. responsible for hearing
64
Q

In which component of the cochlea do sounds cause waves at a specific location (having the peak amplitude of a specific tone/frequency)

A

The basilar membrane

65
Q

Nerves that contain parasympathetic fibers

A
  • Brain stem
    • CN III - occulomotor
    • CN VII - facial
    • CN IX - glossophryngeal
    • CN X - vagus
  • SC
    • S2-S4
66
Q

Nerves that contain preganglionic sympathetic fibers

A
  • T1-L2

Advanced Human Physiology (14 decks)

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