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Advanced Human Physiology > Blood Normal Values > Flashcards

Blood Normal Values Flashcards

1
Q

Blood volume measurement in females

A

4.5 - 5.5 liters

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2
Q

Blood volume measurement in males

A

5.0-6.0 liters

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3
Q

a microliter of blood is ____; it contains ______ RBC

A

a drop of blood; 5 million RBC

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4
Q

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate for females is

A

2.0 - 20.0 mm/hr

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5
Q

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate for males

A

2.0-10.0 mm/hr

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6
Q

There are how many hemoglobin molecules in an RBC cell; it accounts for ____ of cell mass

A

200-300 hemoglobin molecules in one RBC cell; it accounts for 1/3 of cell mass

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7
Q

The Hematocrit for females is

A

42% +/- 5%

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8
Q

The hematocrit for males is

A

47% +/- 5%

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9
Q

The O2 carrying capacity of blood is

A

16-25 ml O2/dL

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10
Q

The hemoglobin content for females is

A

12-16 gms/dL

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11
Q

the hemoglobin content for males is

A

14-18 gms/dL

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12
Q

The erythrocyte count for females is

A

4.2-5.4 million cells/ microliter

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13
Q

The erythrocyte count for males is

A

4.6-6.2 million cells/ microliter

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14
Q

The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is

A

82-92 cubic micrometers

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15
Q

The mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is

A

27-31 mmg or pg

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16
Q

the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is (MCHC)

A

32-36%

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17
Q

The white blood cell count is

A

7,000-10,000 cells/ microliter

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18
Q

Neutrophil counts are

A

50-70%

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19
Q

eosinophil counts are

A

1-5%

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20
Q

basophil counts are

A

0-1%

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21
Q

lymphocyte counts are

A

20-40%

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22
Q

monocyte counts are

A

1-6%

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23
Q

thrombocyte counts are

A

150,000 - 350,000 cells/microliter

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24
Q

Agglutination of one of the wells indicates

A

that the antibody being tested is present on the surface of the RBC

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25
Q

The function of an unoppette is to

A

dilute a blood preparation so that RBCs may be counted

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26
Q

A hemacytometer is used to

A

manually (grid) count RBCs

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27
Q

Tallquist paper is used to

A

evaluate hemoglobin content by comparing the color to a standardized color scale

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28
Q

A Stat-site is used to

A

electronically determine hemoglobin content

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29
Q

A microhematocrit gives an indication of the

A

apparent hematocrit

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30
Q

The calculation for MCV is

A

HCT (1000) / RBC count

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31
Q

The calculation for MCH is

A

Hb (10) / RBC count

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32
Q

The calculation for MCHC is

A

Hb / HCT

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33
Q

A MCV < 90pL indicates

A

microcytic cells and iron deficient anemia

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34
Q

A MCV >90pL indicates

A

macrocytic cells and pernicious anemia

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35
Q

A MCH <30pg indicates

A

hypochromic cells and iron deficient anemia

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36
Q

A MCH >30pg indicates

A

hyperchromic cells and pernicious anemia

37
Q

The calculation to convert apparent hematocrit to corrected hematocrit is

A

= Apparent hematocrit (0.96)

38
Q

Oxygen capacity can be calculated by

A

= Hg (1.34)

39
Q

The first stage of coagulation is

A

Prothrombin is converted to thrombin in the presence of Ca2+ and PCF

40
Q

The second stage of coagulation is

A

Thrombin is converted into fibrinogen in the presence of Ca2+

41
Q

The third stage of coagulation is

A

Fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin in the presence of Ca2+

42
Q

What causes the first heart sound?

A

AV valve slams shut during isovolumetric contraction

ALL valves closed at this time

43
Q

What causes the second heart sound?

A

SL valve slams shut during isovolumetric relaxation

All heart valves are closed at this time

44
Q

What causes the third heart sound?

A

Turbulence as the ventricles fill during the first rapid filling phase

45
Q

What causes the fourth heart sound?

A

Turbulence as the atria contract to finish filling during the second rapid filling phase.

46
Q

Korotkoff sounds are caused by

A
  1. Turbulent flow through a previously occluded artery. The first sound is systolic pressure, and the second is diastolic pressure.
47
Q

Calculation for MAP

A

= PP/3 + Diastolic pressure

48
Q

Calculation for PP

A

= Systolic - diastolic pressure

49
Q

Define a pulse deficit

A

A mismatch between pulse rate and HR

50
Q

Conditions that would result in a pulse rate deficit are:

A
  1. a very small PP: difference between systolic and diastolic is minimal
  2. Occluded vessel: no blood flow
  3. Arteriosclerosis causes loss of elasticity and an increase in PP
  4. Aortic aneurysm in slow/irregular heart rate
  5. Atherosclerosis: results in irregular heart rate
51
Q

The method of indirect blood pressure determination

A
  • Korotkoff sounds - sphygmomanometer
  • Pressure created in the aorta maintained by elastic recoil of an artery
52
Q

The P wave represents

A
  • the signal as it spreads across the atria
53
Q

The T wave represents

A

ventricle repolarization

54
Q

The PR segment represents

A
  • The time between AV depolarization and ventricular myocardium depolarization
55
Q

The QRS complex represents

A
  • the spread of the signal across the ventricle
56
Q

The PR interval represents

A
  • The time between the SA depolarization and ventricle myocardium depolarization
57
Q

Why is HR faster when sitting than when supine?

A
  • When you are sitting, gravity works against the flow of blood to the brain through the carotid sinus. This idecreases BP and activates the sinus reflex and causes the HR to increase. Wen you become supine, gravity no longer acts (relative) on blood flow through the carotid causing BP to increase and the HR decreases.
58
Q

How does the respiratory cycle affect HR?

Inspiration + Early Expiration

A
  • Inspiration
    • decreases BP in carotid sinus which decreases HR
  • Early expiration
    • Causes an increase in central venous pressure (Bainbridge) which increases HR
  • Overall effect is an INCREASE of HR
59
Q

How does exhalation affect HR?

A
  • Causes an increase in carotid sinus via high pressure which decreases HR
60
Q

A 2:1 heart block will show ______ on the EKG tracing.

A
  • Two P-waves before the QRS complex
61
Q

A PVC heart condition is

A
  • premature ventricular contractions
  • P wave is combined with QRS complex
62
Q

A PAC heart condition is.

A
  • premature atrial contractions
  • abnormal P wave, may merge with T wave
63
Q

An increase in AV node delay will show by

A

an increased PR segment

64
Q

Bradycardia will be reflected on the EKG

A

an increase in RR interval

65
Q

Tachycardia will be reflected on the EKG by

A

a decrease in RR interval

66
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

The relative amount of solute in a solution

67
Q

Use Long’s coefficient to estimate urinary solids if the SG = 1.030

A

specific gravity x Long’s = urinary solids in g/L

= 30 x 2.66

= 79 g/L

68
Q

Why is glucose found in urine?

A

diabetes mellitus, increased sugar in diet,

69
Q

Why is albumin found in urine?

A

kidney disease

70
Q

Why are ketone bodies found in urine?

A

DM, uncontrolled or undiagnosed

starvation

low carb/sugar diet

71
Q

Why are bile pigments found in urine

A
  • liver disorders
  • biliary obstructions
72
Q

Amylase + ____ = _____

A

Amylase + Starch = maltose

NOTE: maltose is a disaccharide

73
Q

Disaccharidases + _____ = ______

A

Disaccharidases + maltose = glucose, fructose, galactose (simple sugars)

74
Q

Pepsin breaks down

A

Pepsin + protein = polypeptides

75
Q

Endopeptidases + ________ = ________

A

Endopeptidases + polypeptides = amino acids

76
Q

Lipase + _______ = ________

A

Lipase + fat = flycerol + fatty acids

77
Q

What is the role of bile in the digestion of fats?

A

emulsification = mechanical separation of fat molecules

78
Q

Which enzyme functions at pH of 2

A

Pepsin

79
Q

What effect does boiling have on an enzyme?

A

It denatures the protein; enzyme loses its activity

80
Q

What happens at each point indicated?

A
  1. AV slams shut (S1), All valves closed, SL open, SYSTOLE
  2. SL closes (S2), All valves closed, AV open, diastole
  3. Turbulence as ventricles filling (S3), diastole
  4. Turbulence as atria contract and ventricles finish filling (S4), diastole
81
Q

What dietary factors are essential for hemoglobin formation?

A

iron

B12

protein

82
Q

Eosinophilia is

A

an increase in eosinophils due to antibody-mediated immune response to an allegen.

83
Q

Lymphocytosis is

A

an increase in lymphocytes due to

  • Bacteria (b cells)
  • viruses (t cells)
84
Q

Neutropenia is

A

a decrease in neutrophils

85
Q

Segmented neutrophil percentage indicates

A

pernicious anemia

86
Q

symptoms of anemia include

A

malaise, fatigue, tachycardia, brittle nails, SOB, headache, dizziness

87
Q

Function of basophils

A
  • vasodilation via histamine
  • anticoagulation via heparin
88
Q
A

Advanced Human Physiology (14 decks)

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