Blood Normal Values Flashcards
Blood volume measurement in females
4.5 - 5.5 liters
Blood volume measurement in males
5.0-6.0 liters
a microliter of blood is ____; it contains ______ RBC
a drop of blood; 5 million RBC
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate for females is
2.0 - 20.0 mm/hr
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate for males
2.0-10.0 mm/hr
There are how many hemoglobin molecules in an RBC cell; it accounts for ____ of cell mass
200-300 hemoglobin molecules in one RBC cell; it accounts for 1/3 of cell mass
The Hematocrit for females is
42% +/- 5%
The hematocrit for males is
47% +/- 5%
The O2 carrying capacity of blood is
16-25 ml O2/dL
The hemoglobin content for females is
12-16 gms/dL
the hemoglobin content for males is
14-18 gms/dL
The erythrocyte count for females is
4.2-5.4 million cells/ microliter
The erythrocyte count for males is
4.6-6.2 million cells/ microliter
The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is
82-92 cubic micrometers
The mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is
27-31 mmg or pg
the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is (MCHC)
32-36%
The white blood cell count is
7,000-10,000 cells/ microliter
Neutrophil counts are
50-70%
eosinophil counts are
1-5%
basophil counts are
0-1%
lymphocyte counts are
20-40%
monocyte counts are
1-6%
thrombocyte counts are
150,000 - 350,000 cells/microliter
Agglutination of one of the wells indicates
that the antibody being tested is present on the surface of the RBC
The function of an unoppette is to
dilute a blood preparation so that RBCs may be counted
A hemacytometer is used to
manually (grid) count RBCs
Tallquist paper is used to
evaluate hemoglobin content by comparing the color to a standardized color scale
A Stat-site is used to
electronically determine hemoglobin content
A microhematocrit gives an indication of the
apparent hematocrit
The calculation for MCV is
HCT (1000) / RBC count
The calculation for MCH is
Hb (10) / RBC count
The calculation for MCHC is
Hb / HCT
A MCV < 90pL indicates
microcytic cells and iron deficient anemia
A MCV >90pL indicates
macrocytic cells and pernicious anemia
A MCH <30pg indicates
hypochromic cells and iron deficient anemia
A MCH >30pg indicates
hyperchromic cells and pernicious anemia
The calculation to convert apparent hematocrit to corrected hematocrit is
= Apparent hematocrit (0.96)
Oxygen capacity can be calculated by
= Hg (1.34)
The first stage of coagulation is
Prothrombin is converted to thrombin in the presence of Ca2+ and PCF
The second stage of coagulation is
Thrombin is converted into fibrinogen in the presence of Ca2+
The third stage of coagulation is
Fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin in the presence of Ca2+
What causes the first heart sound?
AV valve slams shut during isovolumetric contraction
ALL valves closed at this time
What causes the second heart sound?
SL valve slams shut during isovolumetric relaxation
All heart valves are closed at this time
What causes the third heart sound?
Turbulence as the ventricles fill during the first rapid filling phase
What causes the fourth heart sound?
Turbulence as the atria contract to finish filling during the second rapid filling phase.
Korotkoff sounds are caused by
- Turbulent flow through a previously occluded artery. The first sound is systolic pressure, and the second is diastolic pressure.
Calculation for MAP
= PP/3 + Diastolic pressure
Calculation for PP
= Systolic - diastolic pressure
Define a pulse deficit
A mismatch between pulse rate and HR
Conditions that would result in a pulse rate deficit are:
- a very small PP: difference between systolic and diastolic is minimal
- Occluded vessel: no blood flow
- Arteriosclerosis causes loss of elasticity and an increase in PP
- Aortic aneurysm in slow/irregular heart rate
- Atherosclerosis: results in irregular heart rate
The method of indirect blood pressure determination
- Korotkoff sounds - sphygmomanometer
- Pressure created in the aorta maintained by elastic recoil of an artery
The P wave represents
- the signal as it spreads across the atria
The T wave represents
ventricle repolarization
The PR segment represents
- The time between AV depolarization and ventricular myocardium depolarization
The QRS complex represents
- the spread of the signal across the ventricle
The PR interval represents
- The time between the SA depolarization and ventricle myocardium depolarization
Why is HR faster when sitting than when supine?
- When you are sitting, gravity works against the flow of blood to the brain through the carotid sinus. This idecreases BP and activates the sinus reflex and causes the HR to increase. Wen you become supine, gravity no longer acts (relative) on blood flow through the carotid causing BP to increase and the HR decreases.
How does the respiratory cycle affect HR?
Inspiration + Early Expiration
- Inspiration
- decreases BP in carotid sinus which decreases HR
- Early expiration
- Causes an increase in central venous pressure (Bainbridge) which increases HR
- Overall effect is an INCREASE of HR
How does exhalation affect HR?
- Causes an increase in carotid sinus via high pressure which decreases HR
A 2:1 heart block will show ______ on the EKG tracing.
- Two P-waves before the QRS complex
A PVC heart condition is
- premature ventricular contractions
- P wave is combined with QRS complex
A PAC heart condition is.
- premature atrial contractions
- abnormal P wave, may merge with T wave
An increase in AV node delay will show by
an increased PR segment
Bradycardia will be reflected on the EKG
an increase in RR interval
Tachycardia will be reflected on the EKG by
a decrease in RR interval
What is specific gravity?
The relative amount of solute in a solution
Use Long’s coefficient to estimate urinary solids if the SG = 1.030
specific gravity x Long’s = urinary solids in g/L
= 30 x 2.66
= 79 g/L
Why is glucose found in urine?
diabetes mellitus, increased sugar in diet,
Why is albumin found in urine?
kidney disease
Why are ketone bodies found in urine?
DM, uncontrolled or undiagnosed
starvation
low carb/sugar diet
Why are bile pigments found in urine
- liver disorders
- biliary obstructions
Amylase + ____ = _____
Amylase + Starch = maltose
NOTE: maltose is a disaccharide
Disaccharidases + _____ = ______
Disaccharidases + maltose = glucose, fructose, galactose (simple sugars)
Pepsin breaks down
Pepsin + protein = polypeptides
Endopeptidases + ________ = ________
Endopeptidases + polypeptides = amino acids
Lipase + _______ = ________
Lipase + fat = flycerol + fatty acids
What is the role of bile in the digestion of fats?
emulsification = mechanical separation of fat molecules
Which enzyme functions at pH of 2
Pepsin
What effect does boiling have on an enzyme?
It denatures the protein; enzyme loses its activity
What happens at each point indicated?
- AV slams shut (S1), All valves closed, SL open, SYSTOLE
- SL closes (S2), All valves closed, AV open, diastole
- Turbulence as ventricles filling (S3), diastole
- Turbulence as atria contract and ventricles finish filling (S4), diastole
What dietary factors are essential for hemoglobin formation?
iron
B12
protein
Eosinophilia is
an increase in eosinophils due to antibody-mediated immune response to an allegen.
Lymphocytosis is
an increase in lymphocytes due to
- Bacteria (b cells)
- viruses (t cells)
Neutropenia is
a decrease in neutrophils
Segmented neutrophil percentage indicates
pernicious anemia
symptoms of anemia include
malaise, fatigue, tachycardia, brittle nails, SOB, headache, dizziness
Function of basophils
- vasodilation via histamine
- anticoagulation via heparin
