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Respiratory pathology Flashcards

1
Q

PaO2 of respiratory failure

A

8

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2
Q

PaO2 of type 1 respiratory failure, and what is driving it?

A
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3
Q

PaO2 of type 2 respiratory failure, and what is driving it?

A

> 6.3kPa, hypercapnic drive

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4
Q

Two types of carcinoma

A

Small cell and non small cell

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5
Q

4 types non small cell

A

Squamous
Undifferentiated large cell
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell neuroendocrine

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6
Q

90% smokers have which type of lung cancer?

A

Squamous small cell carcinoma

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7
Q

Which cancer can mimic pneumonia?

A

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma

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8
Q

Neuroendocrine tumours are detected using what?

A

CD56 and neurosecretory granule proteins- chromogranin, synaptophysin

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9
Q

4 features of typical carcinoid tumours

A

No necrosis, bland
Distant mets are rare
Not assoc with smoking
May occlude bronchioles

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10
Q

Thyroid transcription factor is expressed by which 3 carcinomas?

A

Adenocarcinoma
Undifferentiated large cell carcinoma
Small cell

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11
Q

Small cell carcinomas also secrete what?

A

ACTH and ADH

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12
Q

What does TNM staging include as well as the usual?

A

Atelectasis of lobe/lung

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13
Q

2 causes of pleural effusion

A

Inflammatory-exudate

Congestive heart failure- transudate

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14
Q

Which colour asbestos is the worst?

A

Blue (or brown but blue worst)

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15
Q

Signs of mesothelioma?

A

Small plaques/nodules on parietal pleura

Effusion

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16
Q

What type of cells in mesothelioma

A

Spindle and epitheliod

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17
Q

What pathogen causes pneumonia in the elderly, diabetics and alcoholics?

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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18
Q

What pathogen causes pneumonia in the elderly, diabetics and alcoholics?

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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19
Q

PaO2 of type 1 respiratory failure, and what is driving it?

A
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20
Q

Complications of bronchiectasis?

A

Pneumonia
Septicaemia
Metastatic infection
Amyloidosis

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21
Q

Two types of carcinoma

A

Small cell and non small cell

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22
Q

4 types non small cell

A

Squamous
Undifferentiated large cell
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell neuroendocrine

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23
Q

90% smokers have which type of lung cancer?

A

Squamous small cell carcinoma

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24
Q

Which cancer can mimic pneumonia?

A

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma

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25
Q

Neuroendocrine tumours are detected using what?

A

CD56 and neurosecretory granule proteins- chromogranin, synaptophysin

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26
Q

4 features of typical carcinoid tumours

A

No necrosis, bland
Distant mets are rare
Not assoc with smoking
May occlude bronchioles

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27
Q

Thyroid transcription factor is expressed by which 3 carcinomas?

A

Adenocarcinoma
Undifferentiated large cell carcinoma
Small cell

28
Q

Small cell carcinomas also secrete what?

A

ACTH and ADH

29
Q

What does TNM staging include as well as the usual?

A

Atelectasis of lobe/lung

30
Q

Symptoms and signs of interstitial lung disease

A

Slowly increasing dyspnoea
Clubbing
Fine crackles
Dry cough

31
Q

Which colour asbestos is the worst?

A

Blue (or brown but blue worst)

32
Q

Signs of mesothelioma?

A

Small plaques/nodules on parietal pleura

Effusion

33
Q

What type of cells in mesothelioma

A

Spindle and epitheliod

34
Q

2 types pneumonia

A

Lobar pneumonia

Bronchopneumonia

35
Q

What pathogen causes pneumonia in the elderly, diabetics and alcoholics?

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

36
Q

What is bronchiectasis’s permanent dilation due to?

A

Destruction of muscle and elastic tissue. Chronic necrotising infection

37
Q

Symptoms bronchiectasis

A

Cough
Fever
Foul smelling sputum

38
Q

Complications of bronchiectasis?

A

Pneumonia
Septicaemia
Metastatic infection
Amyloidosis

39
Q

COPD is ? + ?

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

40
Q

3 types emphysema

A

Centrilobar
Panlobar
Paraseptal

41
Q

Centrilobar emphysema is associated with what?

42
Q

Panlobar emphysema is associated with what?

A

Alpa 1 antitrypsin

43
Q

Interstitial lung disease obstructive or restrictive?

A

Restrictive

44
Q

Acute interstitial lung disease leads to?

A

Adult respiratory distress syndrome

45
Q

Which cells have hyperplasia in acute interstitial lung disease

A

Type II pneumocytes

46
Q

Chronic interstitial lung disease results in ‘??lung’

47
Q

2 diseases that may lead to chronic interstitial lung disease

A

Sarcoidosis

Pulmonary fibrosis

48
Q

Symptoms and signs of interstitial lung disease

A

Slowly increasing dyspnoea
Clubbing
Fine crackles
Dry cough

49
Q

How does the pleura appear in idiopathic interstitial lung disease?

A

Bosselated (cobble stone)

50
Q

Sarcoidosis is what?

A

perilymphatic pulmonary granulomas then fibrosis

51
Q

What organs does sarcoidosis affect?

A

Lungs, skin, heart, brain

52
Q

Blood test signs of sarcoidosis

A

Hypercalcaemia, raised serum ACE

53
Q

Who usually gets sarcoidosis?

A

Young adult females

54
Q

What are pneumoconioses?

A

‘dust diseases’- lung disease due to inhaled fibrinogens, allergens or carcinogens

55
Q

Particles must be less than ? micrometers to reach alveoli

56
Q

Pneumoconeosis from coal dust? Symptoms?

A

Anthracosis

Fibrosis and COPD

57
Q

Pneumoconeosis from sand and stone dust? Symptoms?

A

Silicosis

Firbosis and fibrous silicotic nodules.

58
Q

Complications of silicosis?

A

Reactivation of TB

Cancer risk

59
Q

Pneumoconeosis assoc with asbestos

A

Asbestosis

60
Q

How are asbestosis tissue sections different?

A

Identifiable asbestos fibre

61
Q

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is what type of reaction?

A

Type 3 hypersensitivity

62
Q

Farmer’s lung is a reaction to?

A

Actinomycetes in hay

63
Q

Pigeon fancier’s lung is a reaction to?

A

Pigeon antigens

64
Q

Pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

A

Inflammation and non-caseating granulomas

Repeated episodes leads to interstitial fibrosis.

65
Q

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is also known as?

A

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis

AH extra cards (29 decks)

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