Respiratory Path (1-4) Flashcards by Natalie Bubenheim

Q

name the 3 key zones of the respiratory system

A

conducting (nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi)
transitional (bronchioles)
exchange (alveoli)

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Q

name the defense mechanisms of the conducting zone of the respiratry system

A

musus and mucociliary clearance
antibodies
lyzozyme

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Q

name the defense mechanisms of the transitional zone of the respiratry system

A

clara cells
antibodies
lyzozyme

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Q

name the defense mechanisms of the exchange zone of the respiratry system

A

macrophages
surfactant
antibodies

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Q

name the 3 main routes of invasion into the repiratory tract

A

aerogenous
hematogenous
trancoelomic

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Q

name the route of invasion into the resp tract

infection reaches lung as inhaled droplets or larger food particles or fluid

A

aerogenous

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Q

particles >10µm will usually be deposited here in the resp tract

A

above the larynx

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Q

irritant/infectious particles that are ~1-2µm in size will deposit mostly here in the resp tract

A

bronchiolar-alveolar junction

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Q

hematogenous lesions tend to localise here in the lungs

A

caudal lobes

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Q

this is blood in nasal discharge - may originate from nose or lower respiratory tract

A

epistaxis

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Q

this is blood in saliva or sputum

A

hemoptysis

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Q

this is inflammation of the nasal cavity

A

rhinitis

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Q

this is inflammation of the sinuses

A

sinusitis

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Q

name the clasification of rhinitis

mildest form; early stages of infectious disease, allergy or irritation

A

serous rhinitis

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Q

name the clasification of rhinitis

goblet cells and mucus glands now contribute to secretion; may contain white blood cells and exfoliated debris

A

catarrhal rhinitis

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Q

name the clasification of rhinitis

thicker exudates with many more cells; dominated by neutrophils

A

purulent or mucopurulent

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Q

name the clasification of rhinitis

increase in vascular permeability allows exudation of fibrinogen which coagulates to fibrin and forms a yellow mat on affected surface; may be associated with severe underlying ulceration

A

fibrinous

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Q

name the clasification of rhinitis

macrophage dominated; wither specific pathogens or chronic allergic reaction

A

granulomatous

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Q

name the feature of chronic rhinitis

polypoid thickening of the inflamed nasal mucosa;
often round, large, multiple protuberances into the nasal meatus

A

nasal polyps

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Q

name the rhinitis

important disease where there is atrophy of nasal turbinates and distortion and shortening of snout;
caused by co-infection of nasal mucosa with Bordatella bronchiseptica and toxin-producing strain of Pasteurella multocida

(pigs)

A

Atrophic rhinitis

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Q

name the rhinitis

caused by S. equi;
characterized by suppurative rhinitis, pharyngitis, and lymphadenitis;
lymph nodes often rupture and discharge pus 2-3 weeks after onset of infection

(horses)

A

Strangles

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Q

name 3 possible complications that can occur as a result of Strangles in horses

A

metastatic abscesses
guttural puch empyema or chondroid formation
pupura hemorrhagica

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Q

name the rhinitis

common cause in dogs by Aspergillus fumigatus; infection causes chronic necrotising inflammation with friable exudate containing necrotic tissue and fungal hyphae

A

mycotic rhinitis

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Q

inflammatory disease involving pharynx, larynx and trachea areas are important because of potential of these 2 consequences

A

to obstruct airflow
to cause aspiration pneumonia

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# name the larynx/trachea disease cause uncertain but appears to be genetic predisposition to short-necked breeds (Texels, Southdowns); rams > ewes; chronic suppuration within the aretynoid cartilages of the larynx result in swelling and occlusion of the lumen

laryngeal chondritis

# name the larynx/trachea disease trachea is flattened dorsoventrally with widened, flaccid dorsal tracheal membrane; upon inspiration the flaccid membrane is sucked into the tracheal lumen causing obstruction

tracheal collapse

# name the larynx/trachea disease most common cause of abnormal respiratory noise in horses; usually left-sided hemiplegia in horses due to degeneration of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve; neurogenic atrophy of the left cricoarytenoid muscle causes the left arytenoid cartilage to sag into laryngeal lumen during inspiration; condition is usually bilateral in dogs

laryngeal paralysis

# name the larynx/trachea disease dangerous due to potential to cause asphyxiation; can occur in systemic anaphylaxis, associate with trauma, irritant gases

laryngeal oedema

this is inflammation of the bronchi

bronchitis

what 3 consequences can chronic bronchial irritation/injury result in

1. excess production of mucus as a result of goblet cell hyperplasia 2. squamous metaplasia 3. bronchiectasis

# name the type of bronchitis common condition characterized by persistent tracheobronchial inflammation; tonsils and RPLNs are enlarged; major pathogen is Bordatella bronchiseptica

Kennel cough (infectious tracheobronchitis)

# name the type of bronchitis bronchial irritation and mucus hypersecretion causes chronic intractable cough; underlying bronchial mucosa is thickened, hyperemic and oedematous; smooth muscle hypertrophy in pulmonary arteries can result in pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonae

chronic bronchitis | (in dogs)

# name the type of bronchi disease permanent saccular or cylindrical dilation of bronchi as a result of the accumulation of exudate within the lumen and partial rupture of bronchial walls; sac-like nodules in the lungs which are filled with purulent exudate; often occurs secondary to chronic bronchitis

bronchiectasis | (in cattle)

# what is the name of the lesion development of organized polyp-like masses within the bronchilar lumen caused by infiltration by fibroblasts when the exudate cannot be cleared

bronchiolitis obliterans

this is when the repair process of alveolar cells is so spectacular in severe diffuse forms of alveolar injury that the affected tissue takes on the appearance of a gland

alveolar epithelialization

these are microscopic eosinophilic bands formed by a combination of pulmonary surfactant and plasma proteins which can leak into the alveoli following injury to type I pneumocytes and alterations in the blood-air barrier

hyaline membranes

this is inflammation that takes place in the alveoli and their walls

pneumonia

this is an altered texture of lung (firmer) due to accumulation of exudates

consolidation

# name the type of pneumonia common; inflammation focused on bronchi, bronchioles and adjacent alveolar lumens; most common causes are bacterial and mycoplasma infections or aspiration of foreign material

bronchopneumonia

# name the type of bronchopneumonia characterized by neutrophils, cell debris and macrophages within the airway and alveolar lumens

suppurative bronchopneumonia

# name the type of bronchopneumonia more sever and can cause sudden death due to associated toxemia; less likely to resolve completely

fibrinous bronchopneumonia

# name the type of pneumonia inflammation that occurs primarily in alveolar walls rather than alveolar spaces; lesions usually result from blood-borne insult and damage is often diffuse; injury to alveoli may cause protein and fluid exudation leading to hyaline membrane formation

interstitial pneumonia

name two examples of interstitial pneumonia

1. fog fever 2. paraquat poisoning

# name the type of interstitial pneumonia usually seen in adult beef cattle in the autumn and is associated with change in pasture (lush, green)

Fog fever

# name the type of interstitial pneumonia lesions range from acute to chronic; additional extraplmonary lesions include necrosis of adrenal zona glomerulosa and renal tubular epithelium

Paraquat poisoning

# name the type of pneumonia hybrid of bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia; often caused by viruses damaging both airway and alveolar epithelial cells; cranioventral

bronchointerstitial pneumonia

# name the type of pneumonia lung inflammation caused by hematogenous spread of infections into the lung; has no orientation around airways and can occur in any lung region (caudal lobs most common); inflammation is oriented around pulmonary arterioles or alveolar capillaries

embolic pneumonia

# name the type of pneumonia reaction dominated by macrophages, +/- giant cells and varying associated lymphocytes and neutrophils

granulomatous pneumonia

name 4 things that pulmonary abscesses can be a consequence of

1. septic emboli lodging in pulmonary vessels 2. extension from severe focal suppurative bronchopneumonia 3. aspiration of foreign material 4. direct penetration

name 2 canine viruses that cause pneumonia

1. parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3) 2. cnaine distemper virus (CDV)

# name the canine agent of pneumonia paramyxovirus which can induce acute respiratory disease in a range of species; replicates in airway epithelial cells and results in initial bronchitis leading to bronchiolitis and extension into alveoli

Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3)

# name the canine agent of pneumonia syndrome of catarrhal oculonasal discharge, pharyngitis and bronchitis relatively common in intial stages

canine distemper virus (CDV)

name 3 equine agents/diseases that can lead to pneumonia

1. equine influenza 2. equine viral rhinopneumonitis 3. Rhodococcus equi

name 2 bovine agents/diseases that can lead to pneumonia

1. Shipping/Transit Fever 2. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

name an ovine agent/disease that can lead to pneumonia

Maedi visna virus

# name the agent of pneumonia pulmonary lesions develop very slowly (uncommon in sheep under 2 years old); lungs fail to collapse properly on opening chest and can weigh 2x normal weight and are a mottled grey/tan color; lesions vary from irregular grey speckling to homogenous grey consolidation

Maedi visna virus

# name the agent of pneumonia interstitial atelectasis and consolidation; interstitial emphysema which is more prominent in caudal lung lobes (results from bronchoconstriction); formation of syncytial giant cells | (bovine)

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

when are cattle and sheep most susceptible to Dictyocaulus?

when first exposed to contaminated pasture

name the two ruminant species of Dictyocaulus

1. D. viviparus (cattle) 2. D. filaria (sheep)

name the 3 phases of the pathogenesis/pathology associated with Dictyocaulus spp.

1. penetration phase 2. prepatent phase 3. patent phase

# name the phase of Dictyocaulus pathogenesis larvae are in transit to lungs - no pulmonary lesions apparent

penetration phase

# name the phase of Dictyocaulus pathogenesis larvae appear in alveoli leading to alveolitis leading to bronchiolitis leading to bronchitis associated infiltration of neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages which can plug airways resulting in collapse distal to lesion

prepatent phase

name the two main types of lesions that occur in the patent phase of Dictyocaulus pathogenesis

1. parasitic bronchitis 2. parasitic pneumonia

# what parasite causes these lesions? wedge-shaped areas of red/grey consolidation especially at the caudal edge of the diaphragmatic lobes

Dictyocaulus spp.

what is the species of Dictyocaulus affecting horses and donkeys?

D. arnfieldi

# what parasite causes these lesions? firm 'lead-shot' nodules scattered throughout parenchyma but most obviously in dorsal regions of the caudal lung lobes

Meullerius capillaris

# name the parasite parasites of bronchi/bronchioles of pigs; histological lesions similar to those in Dictyocaulus but less extensive

Metastrongyles

# name the parasite causes widespread cat lungworm; gross lesions are multifocal subpleural firm yellow nodules scattered throughout parenchyma; eggs and larvae in alveolar spaces cause a foreign body reaction ; heavy infestation can cause chronic coughing

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

# what parasite causes these lesions? cause proliferative chronic arteritis and an intersitial eosinophilic pneumonia in the pulmonary arteries and R ventricle of dogs and foxes; can lead to R sided heart failure

Angiostrongylus vasorum

# name the parasite the intermediate stage of Echinococcus granulosus - found in the lungs; range in size up to 5-10cm; important as a zoonosis and cause carcas condemnation

Hydatid cysts

Name 2 type I hypersensitivity diseases of the lungs

1. Feline asthma (allergic bronchitis) 2. pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia (PIE)

# name the type 1 hypersensitivity disease of the lungs inflammation dominated by eosinophils; causes recurrent cough/dyspnea associated with bronchoconstiction cats

Feline asthma / allergic bronchitis

# name the type 1 hypersensitivity disease of the lungs group of small animal diseases where there is a predominance of eosinophils in the airways; considered that there is underlying hypersensitivity to allergens.

Pulmonary Infiltration with Eosinophilia (PIE)

name 3 type III hypersensitivity disease of the lungs

1. Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis (bovine farmers lung) 2. Diffuse Fibrosing Alveolitis 3. COPD

# name the type III hypersensitivity disease of the lungs due to repeated inhalation of spores of thermophilic actinomycetes in moldy hay; affects housed animals in winter; numerous small grey nodules on lungs representing lymphoid reaction; can lead to pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonae in extreme cases

Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis (bovine farmers lung)

# name the type III hypersensitivity disease of the lungs 'catch all' for end stage of a number of different diseases including EAA, reinfection syndrome, and fog fever BUT not preferred to be grouped together anymore

Diffuse Fibrosing Alveolitis / Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia

# name the type III hypersensitivity disease of the lungs characterized by chronic coughing and poor performance; lungs often grossy unremarkable; lesions consistent with chronic generalized bronchiolitis (plugging of airways with mucus, lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, goblet cell metaplasia, smooth muscle hypertrophy)

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

what 3 factors does the response of lungs to aspirated foreign material depend on?

1. nature of the material 2. bacterial load 3. distribution of the material within the lungs

# name the type of pneumonia caused by: administration of medicines intended for oesophagus or as a sequel to aspiration pneumonia; dead tissue undergoes liquefactive necrosis forming a cavity which is surrounded by intense hyperemia and inflammation

gangrenous pneumonia

# name the type of pneumonia endogenous: accumulation of surfactant in pulmonary macrophages leading to multifocal white nodules exogenous: associated with inhalatin of oil & paraffin; results in reaction dominated by macrophages (which fill alveoli) and interstitial thickening

lipid pneumonia

this is the incomplete expansion of the lung at birth (congenital) OR collapse of previously air-filled lung (acquired)

atelectasis

name 4 types of atelectasis

1. obstructive 2. compression 3. massive 4. recumbency (hypostatic)

# name the type of atelectasis caused by complete airway obstruction, usually by inflammatory exudate, foreing bodies, parasites or tumors

obstructive atelectasis

what blockage is needed in species with good collateral ventilation (dogs & cats) to cause obstructive atelectasis?

complete blockage of lobular or segmental bronchi

what blockage is needed in species with poor collateral ventilation (ruminants) to cause obstructive atelectasis?

blockage of small bronchi and bronchioles

# name the type of atelectasis caused by pleural, intrathoracic, or intrapulmonary space-occupying lesions (fluid, blood or exudate can cause it)

compression atelectasis

# name the type of atelectasis complete lung collapse which occurs in pneumothorax

massive atelectasis

name 2 types of secondary pulmonary emphysema

1. alveolar 2. interstitial

# name the type of secondary pulmonary emphysema distension and rupture of these walls leading to formation of air 'bubbles' in the parenchyma

alveolar

# name the type of secondary pulmonary emphysema most common in cattle air enters interlobular connective tissue, forms bullae, and leads to bullous emphysema

interstitial

name 3 mechanisms in place to protect the lung from entry of circulatory fluid into alveolar spaces

1. alveolar epithelium highly impermeable to fluid (seal off alveolar space) 2. interstitum of alveolar septa at lower pressure than intra-alveolar 3. interstitial pressure negative toward fascia surrounding vessels/airways & hilus

what is the net effect of the 3 mechanisms in place to protect the lung from the entry of circulatory fluid into alveolar spaces?

liquid moves from alveolar interstitium towards lymphatics in fascia

this is excessive fluid in the lung characterized by expansion of perivascular/peribronchial/peribronchiolar fascia and distension of interstitial lymphatics

pulmonary oedema

name 3 major causes of pulmonary oedema

1. increased capillary or type 1 epithelial permeability 2. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure 3. decreased plasma oncotic pressure

name 3 things that can cause increased capillary or type 1 epithelial permeability (possibly leading to pulmonary oedema)

1. systemic toxins 2. shock 3. inhaled caustic gases

this is a potential sequel of septicemias, bleeding disorders, disseminated intravasclar coagulation and severe congestion | (lungs)

pulmonary hemorrhage

this type of pulmonary hemorrhage occurs commonly in horses during training or racing - hemorrhage is dorsocaudal

Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH)

this is caused by left-to-right vascular shunts or increased resistance of the pulmonary vascular system -most commonly a sequel of widespread fibrosis in the lung OR chronic bronchitis/bronchiolitis stimulating hypertrophy in walls of small arteries

pulmonary hypertension

name 4 classifications of pulmonary tumors in lower airwasy

1. bronchial papilloma 2. bronchial adenoma/carcinoma 3. bronchioloalveolar adenoma/carcinoma 4. carcinoid

# name the primary tumor caused by a retrovirus; lesions progress from small firm grey/white nodular lesions to extensive confluent areas with replacement by neoplastic tissue; multiplw neoplastic of cuboidal/columnar cells forming papillary projections into lumen | (lungs)

Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis (SPA) (Jaagsiekte)

# name the primary tumor most common in dogs; solitary nodules at periphery of lung

bronchioalveolar tumors

name two examples of common metastatic tumors in the lungs

1. mammary carcinoma 2. malignant melanoma

these tumors often manifest in the lungs as multiple nodules scattered throughout the parenchyma; often referred to as 'cannon-ball'

metastatic tumors

this is the presence of air in the pleural; always accompanied by atelectasis proportional to the amount of air in the cavities; can be spontaneous or traumatic

pneumothorax

this is the accumulation of oedema fluid and has the same causes as oedema elsewhere

hydrothorax

this is the accumulation of chylomicron-rich lymph, generally through traumatic or inflammatory rupture of the thoracic lymphatic duct

chylothorax

this is the presence of blood in the thorax

hemothorax

this is purulent effusion in the pleural space; most significant in horses, dogs and cats

pyothorax (thoracic empyema)

pyothorax is usually the result of this in horses

secondary to pneumonia or lung abscesses

pyothorax is usually the result of this in dogs

migrating grass awns

this degenerative pleural disease is common in dogs with chronic uremia and vitamin D toxicity

pleural mineralization