Reproductive System (1-4) Flashcards
1
Q
this is an individual possessing gonadal tissue of both sexes due to failure of embryological differentiation of gonads which leads to the presence of both ovarian and testicular tissue (combined into an ovotestis or one gonad of each type)
A
true hermaphrodite
2
Q
this is when sex chromosomes and gonads are of one sex but the ducts and external genitalia are modified towards, or are of, the opposite sex;
classed by sex of gonadal tissue
A
pseudohermaphrodite
3
Q
this is genetically female calf born co-twin with a male calf;
TDF, MIS and testosterone enter the female twin’s circulation via the placental anastomosis and impairs normal female gonadal development
A
Freemartinism
4
Q
name 6 possible morphological features in a female affected by freemartinism
A
- normal external genitalia
- enlarged clitoris, long tufts of hair around vulva, skin fold from groin to umbilicus
- hypoplastic vagina, vulva and vestibule
- underdeveloped uterus
- underdeveloped mammary gland
- stunted ovaries
5
Q
name 3 congenital abnormalities of the ovaries
A
- ovarian agenesis or duplication
- ovarian hypoplasia
- cysts
6
Q
name 2 types of acquired ovarian cysts
A
- follicular
- luteinized
7
Q
name the type of acquired ovarian cyst
Failure of follicle to ovulate due to failure of LH release;
may secrete oestrogen and can affect cyclic activity/behaviour;
may also cause changes in the rest of reproductive tract
A
follicular cysts
8
Q
name the type of acquired ovarian cyst
Failure to ovulate but cyst partially luteinised (thicker wall);
Usually no oestrogen production but if multiple in sows may cause infertility
A
luteinized cysts
9
Q
this means inflammation of the ovaries
A
oophoritis
10
Q
name 3 types of ovarian neoplasia
A
- germ cell origin
- from gonadal stroma
- tumors of surface epithelium
11
Q
this is the most common type of ovarian neoplasia (esp. in mare and cow);
Encapsulated, nodular white grey surface; may be cystic ± haemorrhage; Often secrete oestrogen/progesterone/testosterone and may cause anoestrus, persistent oestrus or male behaviour
A
granulosa-theca cell tumor
12
Q
name the two main conditions of uterine (fallopian) tubes
A
- obstruction
- inflammation
13
Q
name the term
uterine tubes distended with mucus secretions
A
hydrosalpinx
14
Q
name the term
inflammation of the uterine (fallopian) tubes
A
salpingitis/pyosalpinx
15
Q
name 3 pathologies of the uterus due to abnormal position/location
A
- torsion
- prolapse
- rupture
16
Q
name 3 endometrial changes that cause patholgy of the uterus
A
- atrophy
- hyperplasia
- endometrial polyps
17
Q
name the term
inflammation of the endometrium
A
endometritis
18
Q
name the term
inflammation of the whole uterine wall
A
metritis
19
Q
name the term
inflammation of the fetal attachment point of the uterine wall
A
placentitis
20
Q
name the term
chronic endometritis (mare)
A
endometrosis
21
Q
name the term
chronic suppurative infection with accumulation of pus in the uterine lumen
A
pyometra
22
Q
name 6 possible sequelae of endometritis
A
- ascending infection
- descending infection
- septicemia
- embolic spread
- chronic endometritis
- pyometra
23
Q
most bitches with pyometra will also have this associated disease which occurs due to oestrogen priming followed by elevated progesterone
A
cystic endometrial hyperplasia
24
Q
name the term
accumulation of fluid in the uterus due to endometrial hyperplasia or proximal to an obstruction in the uterus, cervix or vagina
A
hydrometra
25
# name the term
accumulation of mucus in the uterus due to endometrial hyperplasia or proximal to an obstruction in the uterus, cervix or vagina
mucometra
26
name 2 types of neoplasia in the uterus
1. uterine carcinoma
2. leiomyoma
27
name 4 common pathologies of the vagina and vulva
1. congenital defects
2. swelling
3. trauma
4. inflammation
28
# name the term
inflammation of the vulva and vagina
vulvo-vaginitis
29
name 4 common types of vagina and vulva neoplasia
1. sqaumous cell carcinoma
2. canine transmissible venerea tumor
3. melanotic tumors
4. vaginal leiomyoma
30
name 8 non-infectious conditions of the pregnant uterus that cause pathology
1. rupture
2. ventral herniation
3. adventitial placentation
4. hydramnios & hydroallantois
5. prolonged gestation
6. twinning
7. post parturient hemorrhage
8. umbilical cord torsion
31
this accumulation of excess fluid is associated with fetal abnormalities (esp. facial ones)
hydroamnios
32
this accumulation of excess fluid is seen with adventitial placentation or twin pregnancy
hydroallantois
33
this is generalized oedema and may occur in the fetus due to hydramnios or hydroallantois
anasarca
34
the absence of this in the fetus can cause prolonged gestaston due to failure of release of foetal corticosteroids and failure of induction of parturition
pituitary gland
35
this is when the fetus dies but the corpus luteum is retained and there
is no bacterial infection;
fetal fluids are resorbed and the fetus is retained as black leathery mass
mummification
36
this occurs when dead fetal tissue is invaded by gas forming bacteria (clostridia)
emphysema
37
this is fetal death before the fetus is considered viable
abortion
38
this is fetal death after the fetus is considered viable
stillbirth
39
name 4 infectious diseases of pregnant uterus that may cause of pregnancy failure
1. endotoxins or pyrexia
2. immediate placentitis
3. delayed placentitis
4. direct damage to fetus due to viruses
40
name 4 viruses that cause abortion
1. herpes viruses
2. bovine viral diarrhea virus
3. border disease virus
4. porcine parvovirus
41
name 5 bacterial causes of abortion
1. Brucella abortus
2. Listeria spp.
3. Capylobacter fetus or C. jejuni
4. Chlamydophila abortus
5. Coxiella burnetti
42
name 2 protozoal causes of abortion
1. Toxoplasma gondii
2. Neospora caninum
43
Name the 8 main causes of ovine abortion
1. Toxoplasma
2. Enzootic abortion (by Chlamydophila abortus)
3. Salmonella
4. Tick borne fever (Anaplasma phagocytophilum)
5. Border disease
6. Listeria
7. Q-fever (Coxiella burnetti)
8. Campylobacter
| (TESTBLQC) - 'test block'
44
name 5 non-infectious causes of abortion
1. genetic defects
2. nutrition (mycotoxins, plants)
3. hyperthermia
4. iatrogenic
5. trauma
45
how many teat canals do ruminants have
1 (single teat canal)
46
this means "false-pregnancy" and may be seen in the normal diestrus period of bitches
galactorrhea
47
this is when neonatal animals (rarely) secrete fluid/milk from their mammary glands due to the effects of maternal hormones on the fetal pituitary;
should resolve spontaneously
galactorrhea ("witches milk")
48
# name the term
inflammation of the mammary gland;
usually due to bacterial infection
mastitis
49
nme 3 possible routes of bacterial infection of the mammary gland leading to mastitis
1. invasion of teat canal]
2. percutaneous
3. hematogenous
50
name 3 common factors that contribute to the development of disease in the mammary gland
1. innate and acquired resistance
2. teat damage
3. mechanical injury
51
list the pathogenesis of mastitis (4 steps)
1. trauma and cell damage
2. bacterial invasion of udder and proliferation
3. inflammation ad epithelial cell death
4. clinical mastitis (exudation and desquamation causing changes in milk/gland)
52
name 5 possible sequelae of mastitis
1. involution of gland with fibrosis
2. chronic infection
3. abscessation
4. sloughing of gangrenous tissue
5. death
53
name the 2 categories of etiological agents of bovine mastitis
1. contagious
2. environmental
54
name 2 common etiological agents of contagious bovine mastitis
1. Streptococcus agalactiae
2. Staphylococcus aureus
55
name the common etiological agent of environmental bovine mastitis
E. coli
56
name 2 orgnanisms that can persist both on skin and in the environment to cause bovine mastitis
1. Steptococcus uberis
2. Strep. dysgalactiae
57
name 5 possible inflammatory patterns of bovine mastitis
1. acute catarrhal
2. acute suppurative
3. necrotizing (gangrenous)
4. endotoxic shock syndrome
5. chronic suppuratice or granulomatous
58
# name the inflammatory pattern of bovine mastitis
with hyperemia, interstitial oedema, lymphatic dilation and migration of neutrophils into interlobular tissue and alveoli;
Streptococci;
may be subclinical
acute catarrhal
59
# name the inflammatory pattern of bovine mastitis
organisms survives in ducts and penetrates the connective tissue with production of purulent material;
may become chronic;
Staphylococci, Trueperella pyogenes
acute suppurative
60
# name the inflammatory pattern of bovine mastitis
organism or toxin causes necrosis;
may lead to gangrene of the gland and death;
T. pyogenes, S. aureus
necrotising (gangrenous)
61
# name the inflammatory pattern of bovine mastitis
fever, anorexia, hypocalcemia with oedema and/or hemorrhage of mammary glands;
often per-acute;
E. coli
endotoxic shock syndrome
62
# name the inflammatory pattern of bovine mastitis
organisms may invade deeply into tissue and cause chronic or granulomatous infection;
Staphylococci, Trueperella, Actinobacillus
chronic suppurative or granulomatous
63
# name the type of bovine mastitis
Usually mixed infection (with Trueperella pyogenes);
causes sporadic cases of mastitis in animals at pasture;
often pre-existing injuries, which attract flies to the teat entrance;
results in necrosuppurative inflammation targeting the ducts (galactophoritis)
summer mastitis
64
# name the type of bovine mastits
often cause sudden agalactia with a firm, swollen and painless gland;
oedema and neutrophilic inflammation initially;
progresses to lymphocytic and macrophagic inflammation, fibrosis and lobular atrophy
Mycoplasma mastitis
65
name the 2 most common isolates causing mastitis in sheep and goats
1. Staphylococcus aureus
2. Mannheimia hemolytica
66
what is the outcome of goats and sheep affected with per-acute cases of mastitis
die in 24-48h due to septicemia
67
this disease is due to Mycoplasma agalactiae and is primarily seen in goats (occasionally sheep);
initally septicemic (often fatal);
if survives: keratoconjunctivitis, arthritis and mastitis
Contagious agalactia
68
this is a lentivirus which typically affects the lungs of sheep, causes encephalitis and bilateral lymphoplasmacytic mastitis primarily affecting the interstitial and periductal connective tissue
Maedi-visna
69
this syndrome can occur in sows 12-48h post-partum;
lethargy, pyrexia, swollen firm mammary glands with agalactia;
contributing causes: coliforms, management changes, intensive units
mastitis-metritis-agalctia syndrome
70
what bacteria is a common isolate in horse mastitis
Streptococcus zooepidemicus
71
# name the cause of mammary masses
typically seen in young (<2y) cycling or pregnant queens;
can spontaneously regress or require ovariohysterectomy;
marked swelling of mammary tissue with erythema +/- ulceration and necrosis;
proliferation of well-differentiated ductular epithelium and stroma
mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia
72
how to reduce risk of development of mammary tumors in the dog?
ovariohysterectomy prior to first heat
73
approximately what percent of mammary tumors in dogs are malignant?
50%
74
name 3 clinical signs which may be suggestive of malignancy of mammary tumors in the dog
1. rapid growth
2. ulceration
3. local lymhpadenopathy
75
what percent of mammary tumors in cats are malignant?
80-90%
76
name 3 possible congenital anomalies of the scrotum
1. agenesis
2. scrotal cleft
3. bifurcation
77
this is when a defect allows abdominal contents to extend into the inguinal canal
inguinal hernia
78
this is when abdominal contents pass through the inguinal canal and into the space between the vaginal tunics
scrotal hernia
79
this is when fluid accumulates between the layers of the tunica vaginalis in animals with ascites
hydrocoele
80
this is when blood ccumulates between the layers of the tunica vaginalis due to trauma
hematocoele
81
# name the term
complete failure of testicular development
anorchia
82
# name the term
failure of development of one testis
testicular agenesis
83
# name the term
incomplete descent of the testes, which may be found anywhere from posterior ple of kidney to outside the external inguinal ring
cryptorchidism
84
# name the term
testes fail to reach normal size;
may be spontaneous or associated with cryptorchidism/intersex conditions
testicular hypoplasia
85
this is the most common cause of reduced fertility in males;
may be caused by: infection, nutritional disorders, chemicals/hormones, hyperthermia, hypoxia, etc;
affected testis is small and soft with loss of turgor;
basement mebrane of tubules is thickened and wavy
testicular degeneration/atrophy
86
name 3 causes of circulatory disturbances to the testes
1. occlusion of testicular artery
2. torsion of spermatic cord
3. thrombosis
87
# name the term
inflammation of the testes
orchitis
88
testicular neoplasia is most common in what species
dog
89
name 2 types of testicular neoplasia arising from germinal cells
1. teratoma (young stallion)
2. seminoma (dog/stallion)
90
name 2 types of testicular neoplasia arising from sex cord-stroma
1. sertoli cell tumors (dog)
2. leydig (interstitial) cell tumors (dog, bull)
91
# name the syndrome
Associated with Sertoli cell tumours due to excess estrogen;
Clinical signs: Attractive to male dogs, decreased libido, symmetrical alopecia, mammary hyperplasia, preputial oedema, hyperplasia/squamous metaplasia of prostate, contralateral testicular atrophy
Feminization syndrome
92
# name the term
accumulation of semen in the epididymis ductules
spermatocoele
93
# name the epididymis pathology
sperm escape into the adjacent tissue and stimulate a foreign body response
sperm granuloma
94
# name the term
inflammation of the epididymis
epididymitis
95
# name the term
inflammation of the spermatic cord (esp. following castration)
funiculitis
96
name 5 developmental/congenital anomalies of the penis/prepuce
1. absence, hypoplasia, duplication
2. absence of sigmoid flexure
3. persistant penile frenulum
4. phimosis/paraphimosis
5. hypospadia/epispadias
97
# name the penis/prepuce pathology
due to small preputial orifice and the penis cannot be extruded from the prepuce
phimosis
98
# name the penis/prepuce pathology
penis cannot retract into the prepuce
paraphimosis
99
# name the penis/prepuce pathology
Urethral malformations due to failure of the fusion of urogenital folds that create abnormal urethral openings on the ventral and dorsal surface of the penis
hypospadias / epispadias
100
# name the penis/prepuce pathology
persistent erection
priapism
101
# name the term
inflammation of the prepuce
posthitis
102
# name the term
inflammation of the glans penis
balanitis
103
# name the term
inflammation of both the prepuce and the glans penis
balanoposthitis
104
name 4 types of penile/preputial neoplasia
1. papilloma and fibropapilloma
2. squamous cell carcinoma
3. melanoma
4. transmissible veneral tumor (TVT)
105
# name the class of testicular tumor
large, solid, cystic; may have visible teeth, hair, bone;
cells from several embryonic germ layers;
metastases is rare;
not functional
teratoma
106
# name the class of testicular tumor
spherical, soft, bulges on cut, off white-grey;
sheets of round cells with scant cytoplasm; small amount of stroma and frequent mitosis; focal lymphocytic inflammation;
matastases is rare;
not functional
seminoma
107
# name the class of testicular tumor
white, firm, often lobulated; dense connective tissue, may be cystic;
tall columnar cells forming tubular structures; dense fibrous stroma;
metastases is rare;
functional (estrogen - clinical signs!)
sertoli cell tumor
108
# name the class of testicular tumor
encapsulate, round, soft, orange-tan, frquent hemorrhage and cyst formation;
solid sheets of round cells, large amount of cytoplasm with prominent lipid vacuoles; small amounts of stroma;
metastases is very rare;
sometimes functional (androgens or estrogen - rare clinical signs)
interstitial (leydig) cell tumor
