Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

name the endocrine disease

destruction of secretory cells by a disease process;
failure of gland development;
Biochemical defect in synthetic pathway of the hormone;
usually genetic;
not commonly identified in veterinary species

A

primary gland hypofunction

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2
Q

name the endocrine disease

destruction of “upstream” primary glandular tissue → failure of secretion of a trophic hormone → hypofunction of target “downstream” endocrine organ

A

secondary gland hypofunction

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3
Q

name the endocrine disease

often a hyperplasia/neoplasia of endocrine cells involved;
primary source synthesizes and secretes hormone autonomously at rate in excess to ability of body to utilize and degrade it

A

primary gland hyperfuction

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4
Q

name the endocrine disease

lesion in one gland causes excessive trophic hormone secretion which results in long-term hypersecretion in target organ

A

secondary gland hyperfunction

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5
Q

name the hormone secreted by the lesion and its effect

adrenal cortical adenoma/carcinoma

A

cortisol (hyperadrenocorticism)

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6
Q

name the hormone secreted by the lesion and its effect

pancreatic islet beta cell tumor

A

insulin (hypoglycemia)

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7
Q

name the hormone secreted by the lesion and its effect

adrenal medulla (phaeochromocytoma)

A

adrenaline (hypertension)

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8
Q

name the hormone secreted by the lesion and its effect

thyroid follicular cell adenoma/hyperplasia

A

T4, T3 (hyperthyroidism)

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9
Q

name the hormone secreted by the lesion and its effect

adenocarcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac in dogs

A

parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHRP)
(hypercalcemia)

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10
Q

what 3 things does secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal failure lead to (retention of phosphorous and alterations in vitamin D metabolism)

A
  1. hypocalcemia
  2. hyperparathyroidism
  3. skeletal demineralization
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11
Q

what is pituitary dwarfism in german shepherd dogs associated with

A

pituitary cyst

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12
Q

what neoplasm is the most common cause of canine Cushing’s disease

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) secreting adenomas

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13
Q

name the neoplasm that causes hyperplasia/neoplasia of the pars intermedia in the horse (equine Cushing’s disease)

A

pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction

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14
Q

what is the most common cause of canine Cushing’s disease

A

functional corticotroph pituitary gland adenoma

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15
Q

name two causes of cainine Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism/hypercortisolism)

A
  1. functional corticotroph pituitary gland adenoma (most common)
  2. functional adrenal gland neoplasm (less common)
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16
Q

name 5 effects of canine Cushing’s disease, caused by the glucocorticoids

A
  1. muscle weakening
  2. hepatomegaly
  3. skin lesions
  4. calcification in lungs, muscles, stomach wall
  5. incr. appetite
17
Q

name the adrenal neoplasm

often incidental findings;
may arise in glands with existing nodular hyperplasia

A

adrenal cortical adenomas

18
Q

name the adrenal neoplasm

cattle and dogs;
if functional, will result in marked atrophy of the contralateral gland;
potential for invasion of major vessels and distant metastasis

A

adrenal cortical carcinoma

19
Q

name the adrenal neoplasm

cattle and dogs;
can be large and invade locally;
spread within caudal vena cava plus distant metastasis;
some may be functional with sign relating to adrenaline and/or noradrenaline excess;
often pigmented yellow-orange

A

medullary phaeochromocytoma

20
Q

what species is hypothyroidism important in
(not common in other species)

21
Q

name 2 causes of hypothyroidism in the dog

A
  1. idiopathic follicular atrophy
  2. lymphocytic thyroiditis
22
Q

name 4 features/effects of hypothyroidism in the dog

A
  1. reduced basal metabolic rate
  2. bilaterally symmetrical alopecia
  3. reduced spermatozoal count/anestrous
  4. incr. cholesterol levels
23
Q

what species is hyperthyroidism common in

24
Q

name 4 features/effects of hyperthyroidism in the cat

A
  1. polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
  2. weight loss
  3. heat intolerance
  4. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
25
# name the thyroid neoplasm discrete capsule and usually solitary; more common in the cat
thyroid follicular adenoma
26
# name the thyroid neoplasm more common in dog, rarely functional; locally invasice and often metastasize; can arise in extra-thyroidal tissue
thyroid follicular carcinoma
27
# name the thyroid neoplasm most common in bulls; may be found in association with phaeochromocytomas and pituitary adenomas (multiple endocrine neoplasia - MEN)
C-cell neoplasia
28
this is a relative or absolute lack of insulin from pancreatic beta cells; common in the dog and more common in females
diabetes mellitus
29
name 5 features/effects of diabetes mellitus
1. hyperglycemia (reduced availability of insulin) 2. impaired leukocyte function 3. hepatic fatty change 4. cataracts 5. renal glomerular sclerosis
30
# name the pancreatic neoplasm neoplasia of pancreatic islet beta cells; carcinomals are more common than adenomas; usually functionally active leading to hypoglycemia
insulinoma
31
# name the chemoreceptor neoplasm most common in dogs (esp. brachycephalics); mass forms around base of heart; can invade pulmonary artery or atria; non-functional but can cause space occupying effects
aortic body adenoma and carcinoma