Endocrine

Question 1

name the endocrine disease

destruction of secretory cells by a disease process;
failure of gland development;
Biochemical defect in synthetic pathway of the hormone;
usually genetic;
not commonly identified in veterinary species

Answer 1

primary gland hypofunction

Question 2

name the endocrine disease

destruction of “upstream” primary glandular tissue → failure of secretion of a trophic hormone → hypofunction of target “downstream” endocrine organ

Answer 2

secondary gland hypofunction

Question 3

name the endocrine disease

often a hyperplasia/neoplasia of endocrine cells involved;
primary source synthesizes and secretes hormone autonomously at rate in excess to ability of body to utilize and degrade it

Answer 3

primary gland hyperfuction

Question 4

name the endocrine disease

lesion in one gland causes excessive trophic hormone secretion which results in long-term hypersecretion in target organ

Answer 4

secondary gland hyperfunction

Question 5

name the hormone secreted by the lesion and its effect

adrenal cortical adenoma/carcinoma

Answer 5

cortisol (hyperadrenocorticism)

Question 6

name the hormone secreted by the lesion and its effect

pancreatic islet beta cell tumor

Answer 6

insulin (hypoglycemia)

Question 7

name the hormone secreted by the lesion and its effect

adrenal medulla (phaeochromocytoma)

Answer 7

adrenaline (hypertension)

Question 8

name the hormone secreted by the lesion and its effect

thyroid follicular cell adenoma/hyperplasia

Answer 8

T4, T3 (hyperthyroidism)

Question 9

name the hormone secreted by the lesion and its effect

adenocarcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac in dogs

Answer 9

parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHRP)
(hypercalcemia)

Question 10

what 3 things does secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal failure lead to (retention of phosphorous and alterations in vitamin D metabolism)

Answer 10

1. hypocalcemia
2. hyperparathyroidism
3. skeletal demineralization

Question 11

what is pituitary dwarfism in german shepherd dogs associated with

Answer 11

pituitary cyst

Question 12

what neoplasm is the most common cause of canine Cushing’s disease

Answer 12

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) secreting adenomas

Question 13

name the neoplasm that causes hyperplasia/neoplasia of the pars intermedia in the horse (equine Cushing’s disease)

Answer 13

pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction

Question 14

what is the most common cause of canine Cushing’s disease

Answer 14

functional corticotroph pituitary gland adenoma

Question 15

name two causes of cainine Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism/hypercortisolism)

Answer 15

1. functional corticotroph pituitary gland adenoma (most common)
2. functional adrenal gland neoplasm (less common)

Question 16

name 5 effects of canine Cushing’s disease, caused by the glucocorticoids

Answer 16

1. muscle weakening
2. hepatomegaly
3. skin lesions
4. calcification in lungs, muscles, stomach wall
5. incr. appetite

Question 17

name the adrenal neoplasm

often incidental findings;
may arise in glands with existing nodular hyperplasia

Answer 17

adrenal cortical adenomas

Question 18

name the adrenal neoplasm

cattle and dogs;
if functional, will result in marked atrophy of the contralateral gland;
potential for invasion of major vessels and distant metastasis

Answer 18

adrenal cortical carcinoma

Question 19

name the adrenal neoplasm

cattle and dogs;
can be large and invade locally;
spread within caudal vena cava plus distant metastasis;
some may be functional with sign relating to adrenaline and/or noradrenaline excess;
often pigmented yellow-orange

Answer 19

medullary phaeochromocytoma

Question 20

what species is hypothyroidism important in
(not common in other species)

Answer 20

dogs

Question 21

name 2 causes of hypothyroidism in the dog

Answer 21

1. idiopathic follicular atrophy
2. lymphocytic thyroiditis

Question 22

name 4 features/effects of hypothyroidism in the dog

Answer 22

1. reduced basal metabolic rate
2. bilaterally symmetrical alopecia
3. reduced spermatozoal count/anestrous
4. incr. cholesterol levels

Question 23

what species is hyperthyroidism common in

Answer 23

cat

Question 24

name 4 features/effects of hyperthyroidism in the cat

Answer 24

1. polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
2. weight loss
3. heat intolerance
4. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 25

name the thyroid neoplasm

discrete capsule and usually solitary;
more common in the cat

Answer 25

thyroid follicular adenoma

Question 26

name the thyroid neoplasm

more common in dog, rarely functional;
locally invasice and often metastasize;
can arise in extra-thyroidal tissue

Answer 26

thyroid follicular carcinoma

Question 27

name the thyroid neoplasm

most common in bulls;
may be found in association with phaeochromocytomas and pituitary adenomas (multiple endocrine neoplasia - MEN)

Answer 27

C-cell neoplasia

Question 28

this is a relative or absolute lack of insulin from pancreatic beta cells;
common in the dog and more common in females

Answer 28

diabetes mellitus

Question 29

name 5 features/effects of diabetes mellitus

Answer 29

1. hyperglycemia (reduced availability of insulin)
2. impaired leukocyte function
3. hepatic fatty change
4. cataracts
5. renal glomerular sclerosis

Question 30

name the pancreatic neoplasm

neoplasia of pancreatic islet beta cells;
carcinomals are more common than adenomas;
usually functionally active leading to hypoglycemia

Answer 30

insulinoma

Question 31

name the chemoreceptor neoplasm

most common in dogs (esp. brachycephalics);
mass forms around base of heart;
can invade pulmonary artery or atria;
non-functional but can cause space occupying effects

Answer 31

aortic body adenoma and carcinoma