Endocrine Flashcards
name the endocrine disease
destruction of secretory cells by a disease process;
failure of gland development;
Biochemical defect in synthetic pathway of the hormone;
usually genetic;
not commonly identified in veterinary species
primary gland hypofunction
name the endocrine disease
destruction of “upstream” primary glandular tissue → failure of secretion of a trophic hormone → hypofunction of target “downstream” endocrine organ
secondary gland hypofunction
name the endocrine disease
often a hyperplasia/neoplasia of endocrine cells involved;
primary source synthesizes and secretes hormone autonomously at rate in excess to ability of body to utilize and degrade it
primary gland hyperfuction
name the endocrine disease
lesion in one gland causes excessive trophic hormone secretion which results in long-term hypersecretion in target organ
secondary gland hyperfunction
name the hormone secreted by the lesion and its effect
adrenal cortical adenoma/carcinoma
cortisol (hyperadrenocorticism)
name the hormone secreted by the lesion and its effect
pancreatic islet beta cell tumor
insulin (hypoglycemia)
name the hormone secreted by the lesion and its effect
adrenal medulla (phaeochromocytoma)
adrenaline (hypertension)
name the hormone secreted by the lesion and its effect
thyroid follicular cell adenoma/hyperplasia
T4, T3 (hyperthyroidism)
name the hormone secreted by the lesion and its effect
adenocarcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac in dogs
parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHRP)
(hypercalcemia)
what 3 things does secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal failure lead to (retention of phosphorous and alterations in vitamin D metabolism)
- hypocalcemia
- hyperparathyroidism
- skeletal demineralization
what is pituitary dwarfism in german shepherd dogs associated with
pituitary cyst
what neoplasm is the most common cause of canine Cushing’s disease
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) secreting adenomas
name the neoplasm that causes hyperplasia/neoplasia of the pars intermedia in the horse (equine Cushing’s disease)
pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction
what is the most common cause of canine Cushing’s disease
functional corticotroph pituitary gland adenoma
name two causes of cainine Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism/hypercortisolism)
- functional corticotroph pituitary gland adenoma (most common)
- functional adrenal gland neoplasm (less common)
name 5 effects of canine Cushing’s disease, caused by the glucocorticoids
- muscle weakening
- hepatomegaly
- skin lesions
- calcification in lungs, muscles, stomach wall
- incr. appetite
name the adrenal neoplasm
often incidental findings;
may arise in glands with existing nodular hyperplasia
adrenal cortical adenomas
name the adrenal neoplasm
cattle and dogs;
if functional, will result in marked atrophy of the contralateral gland;
potential for invasion of major vessels and distant metastasis
adrenal cortical carcinoma
name the adrenal neoplasm
cattle and dogs;
can be large and invade locally;
spread within caudal vena cava plus distant metastasis;
some may be functional with sign relating to adrenaline and/or noradrenaline excess;
often pigmented yellow-orange
medullary phaeochromocytoma
what species is hypothyroidism important in
(not common in other species)
dogs
name 2 causes of hypothyroidism in the dog
- idiopathic follicular atrophy
- lymphocytic thyroiditis
name 4 features/effects of hypothyroidism in the dog
- reduced basal metabolic rate
- bilaterally symmetrical alopecia
- reduced spermatozoal count/anestrous
- incr. cholesterol levels
what species is hyperthyroidism common in
cat
name 4 features/effects of hyperthyroidism in the cat
- polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
- weight loss
- heat intolerance
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
name the thyroid neoplasm
discrete capsule and usually solitary;
more common in the cat
thyroid follicular adenoma
name the thyroid neoplasm
more common in dog, rarely functional;
locally invasice and often metastasize;
can arise in extra-thyroidal tissue
thyroid follicular carcinoma
name the thyroid neoplasm
most common in bulls;
may be found in association with phaeochromocytomas and pituitary adenomas (multiple endocrine neoplasia - MEN)
C-cell neoplasia
this is a relative or absolute lack of insulin from pancreatic beta cells;
common in the dog and more common in females
diabetes mellitus
name 5 features/effects of diabetes mellitus
- hyperglycemia (reduced availability of insulin)
- impaired leukocyte function
- hepatic fatty change
- cataracts
- renal glomerular sclerosis
name the pancreatic neoplasm
neoplasia of pancreatic islet beta cells;
carcinomals are more common than adenomas;
usually functionally active leading to hypoglycemia
insulinoma
name the chemoreceptor neoplasm
most common in dogs (esp. brachycephalics);
mass forms around base of heart;
can invade pulmonary artery or atria;
non-functional but can cause space occupying effects
aortic body adenoma and carcinoma
