Cardiovascular Path (1-4) Flashcards by Natalie Bubenheim

name the pathogenic mechanism that may result in heart disease

this is due to weak contractibility/chamber emptying or impaired filling

pump failure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the pathogenic mechanism that may result in heart disease

this is due to valvular stenosis, vascular narrowing, systemic or pulmonary hypertension

obstruction to forward blood flow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the pathogenic mechanism that may result in heart disease

this is due to valvular incompetance

regurgitent blood flow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the pathogenic mechanism that may result in heart disease

this is mostly a result of congenital defects (septal, vascular)

regurgitant blood flow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the pathogenic mechanism that may result in heart disease

this can ocur at the level of the heart or a major vessel

rupture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the pathogenic mechanism that may result in heart disease

these lead to arrhythmia and pump failure

cardiac conduction disorders

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the category of heart disease

due to functional derangement of the heart itself

primary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the category of heart disease

due to extra-cardiac derangement (system or specific organ)

secondary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this is due to increased volume of blood entering the heart during diastole - ‘volume overload’

increased preload

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this is due to increased resistance against which the heart must pump blood during systole - ‘pressure overload’

increased afterload

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name 5 mechanisms of the CV system to cope with derangement/increased demand

cardiac dilation
cardiac hypertrophy
increased cardiac rate/output
blood redistribution to vital organs
increase in blood volume

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the 2 distinctive patterns of cardiac ventricular hypertrophy

concentric and eccentric

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the type of cardiac ventricular hypertrophy

result of increased afterload;
increase in ventricular mass but no change in end diastolic volume

concentric hypertrophy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the type of ventricular hypertrophy

result of increased preload;
increase in ventricular mass AND wall stretches so ventricular chamber dilates

eccentric hypertrophy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does malfunction of the LEFT side of the heart lead to

pulmonary congestion/oedema

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does malfunction of the RIGHT side of the heart lead to

systemic venous congestion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the type of congenital cardiac defect

pre-existing parental genome defect passed to sperm and/or ova

inherited

(genetic)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the type of congenital cardiac defect

genomic defect arising in the fertilized zygote

acquired

(genetic)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name 4 examples of acquired cardiac congenital defects

(not genetic)

infections
physical (hypoxia, etc)
nutritional (deficiencies)
chemica, toxicants

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the 4 broad types of congenital cardiac defects

septal defects
abnormalities of great vessels
abnormalities of valve formation
persistence of embryonic structures

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the septal defect

most commonly the result of a persistent foramen ovale - small defect sometimes found incidentally in slaughtered adult cattle

atrial defect

(between the atria)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the 2 main condequences of atrial septal defect (ASD)

Shunt LA to RA (RA dilation, increased RV preload)
increased pulmonary overperfusion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the septal defect

most common congenital cardiac defect in the cat - majority are situated high up the septum (below the aoritc valve, behind the main left AV valve cusp & below the R septal AV cusp)

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

(failure of inter-ventricular septum to join with endocardial cushions)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

name the 2 main consequences of ventricular septal defects (VSD)

shunt LV to RV (increased RV preload)
pulmonary overperfusion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

this is the most common scenario of transposition defects of the roots of the great vessels where the aorta is misplaced to lie over the R ventricle

dextro-rotation

name 2 consequences of L aortic stenosis

1. increased LV afterload (LV concentric hypertrophy) 2. aortic poststenotic dilation

name 2 consequences of R pulmonic stenosis

1. increased RV afterload (RV concentric hypertrophy) 2. PA poststenotic dilation

name the 4 congenital defects/abnormal features that occur together to form the Tetralogy of Fallot

1. ventricular septal defect (VSD) 2. pulmonic stenosis 3. RV hypertrophy 4. Dextro-rotated aorta

name 2 consequences of patent ductus arteriosis (PDA)

1. shunt aorta to pulmonary artery (increased RV afterload and RV concentric hypertrophy) 2. pulmonary overperfusion

# name the syndrome this is when non-oxygenated blood flows from the pulmonary artery into the aorta in PDA and results in systemic hypoxia ('shunt reversal' due to resistance in pulmonary circulation exceeding that of systemic circulation)

Eisenmenger's syndrome

of the 6 pairs of branchial arches present in the early embryo, which one normally persists as the aortic arch

left fourth arch (L4)

what is the basic anomaly of persistent branchial arches and the resulting consequence?

constriction of the oesophagus, megaoesophagus (with regurgitation of undigested food)

# name the persistent branchial arch most common manifestation; vascular ring forms between the ductus arteriosus/ligamentum arteriosum (L6) & this persistent arch

R aortic arch (R4)

name the 2 main morphological presentations of atrioventricular valvular dysplasia

1. web-like valve formations with no clear leaflets 2. short cordae tendinae with small papillary muscle masses

# name the congenital cardiac condition narrowing of the ascending aorta | (rare in bovine only)

coarctation of the aorta

# name the congenital cardiac condition heart is normal but is situated abnormally in the body -highest incidence in cattle & pigs: heart is situated pre-sternally in lower cervical region or in abdomen

Ectopia cordis

# name the congenital cardiac condition L ventricular endocardium is diffusely thickened with fibro-elastic tissue, R side may or may not be affected -affected animal found dead at 2-3 months old with no previous clinical signs

Endocardial fibro-elastosis

# name the congenital cardiac condition absence or incompleteness of the pericardial sac

congenital anomalies of pericardium

this is a thin, fibrous and inelastic sac with an internal serous membrane lined by flattened mesothelial cells that encloses the heart and roots of the great vessels

pericardium

# name the non-inflammatory fluid accumulation this is true serous transudate, usually the result of congestive heart failure

hydropericardium

# name the non-inflammatory fluid accumulation accumulation of whole blood in the pericardium; usually associated with rupture of large vessels or dilated atria due to AV valve regurgitation

hemopericardium

# name the non-inflammatory fluid accumulation relatively common in dogs; presents as slowly developing R sided heart failure followed by left side

idiopathic pericardial hemorrhagic effusion

# name the pathogenesis of pericarditis secondary to septicemia (cattle, pigs)

hematogenous spread

# name the pathogenesis of pericarditis foreign bodies from oesophagus or reticulum (cattle - hardware disease); or fractured rib (dogs, cattle, horses)

traumatic penetration of pericardium

name the 2 types of inflammatory exudation common with pericarditis

1. fibrinous (increased vascular permeability) 2. suppurative (pyogenic bacteria)

name the 4 possible outcomes/sequalae of chronic pericarditis cases

1. resolution 2. adhesion 3. constriction/atrophy 4. myocarditis

# name the outcome of chronic pericarditis being described without further functional/morphological consequences

resolution

# name the outcome of chronic pericarditis being described fibrin from the exudate forms adhesions between the epicardium and pericardium which may become fibrous

adhesion

# name the outcome of chronic pericarditis being described if condition is insidious, gradual tamponade and cardiac atrophy may occur

constriction/atrophy

# name the outcome of chronic pericarditis being described usually associated with traumatic reticulopericarditis in cattle; extension of pericarditis into myocardium

myocarditis

this constitutes the bulk of tissue in the heart

myocardium

# name the myocardial pathology an increase in size of cells which may result from a physiological response (increased exercise) or a pathological one (valvular stenosis, systemic hypertension of renal disease, etc) | (functional overload)

myocardial hypertrophy

# name the myocardial pathology may occur where the disease process is too rapid to allow cardiac compensation; may herald the onset of failure in a previously compensating heart | (functional overload)

dilation

# name the myocardial pathology replacement of muscle bundles by adipocytes with no degeneration (congenital in sheep, calves, pigs) | (metabolic disturbance)

fatty infiltration

# name the myocardial pathology the first manifestation of cell injury consisting of intracellular accumulation of fluid; injury causes energy production to decrease and membrane pumps to fail due to lack of ATP | (metabolic disturbance)

hydropic degeneration

# name the myocardial pathology fat accumulates within cardiomyocytes due to inability to metabolise normally; may also result from myocardial hypoxia or toxicity | (metabolic disturbance)

fatty change/degeneration

# name the myocardial pathology necrosis | (metabolic disturbance)

hyaline degeneration

# name the myocardial pathology dietary excess of vitamin D, plants with vitamin D analogs, or calcium therapy in puppies, cattle and reptiles | (metabolic disturbance)

calcification

# name the myocardial pathology occurs in reptiles and birds since uric acid is the nitrogen metabolism's end product in these species; uric acid will precipitate in tissues as 'utrate tophi' (crystals) under certain circumstances | (metabolic disturbance)

visceral gout

# name the myocardial pathology relatively uncommon in domestic species; when it occurs, it is usually the result of embolism of coronary vessel

myocardial infarction

# name the myocardial pathology inflammation of the myocardium; rarely an isolated primary condition and usually follows generalized infection by bacteral, viral or protozoal agents

myocarditis

what are the 3 classifications of myocarditis

1. acute (suppurative) 2. acute (non-suppurative) 3. chronic

# name the classification of myocarditis result of septic emboli being released from non-cardiac suppurative foci and lodging in heart vasculature

acute (suppurative)

# name the classification of myocarditis results from septicemia or viremia (ex: pasteurellosis, leptospirosis, Foot & Mouth disease, etc)

acute (non-suppurative)

# name the classification of myocarditis there is cardiomyocyte loss, with replacement by fibrous tissue; may get granulomas in cattle and sheep

chronic

# name the myocardial parasite usually hae thin connective tissue layer around capsule with few eosinophils and lymphocytes present; non-viable cysts tend to calcify

Cysticercosis

# name the myocardial parasite protozoal organisms in cattle and sheep (also pigs, horses and dogs); can only be seen histologically as elongated cysts containing many zoites (Rainey's corpuscles)

Sarcocysts

# name the myocardial parasite may cause cysts or foci of inflammation in myocardium in generalized infections in dogs and cats; in sheep: more common to get CNS involvement than heart

Toxoplasmosis (gondii)

# name the myocardial parasite causes severe myocarditis as well as myositis and encephalitis in dogs (as well as general muscle signs and arrhythmias); also causes abortion in cattle

Neosporosis (caninum)

# name the myocardial parasite causative agent of 'Chagas' disease' in th USA; causes pyogranulomatous myocarditis and myositis

Trypanosomiasis (cruzi)

# name the cardiomyopathy result of lack of vitamin E and/or Selenium; results in multifocal necrosis of skeletal and cardiac muscle | (nutritional)

'White muscle disease'

# name the cardiomyopathy occurs in 3-4 month old thriving piglets; considered to result from lack of selenium/vitamin E; presents as multifocal necrosis of skeletal and cardiac muscle with myocardial hemorrhages | (nutritional)

'Mulberry Heart' disease | (pigs)

# name the cardiomyopathy genetic disease due to a point mutation in the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor; triggered by stress and halothane anaesthesia; results in necrosis of cardiac and skeletal muscles (back, loin, thigh, shoulder) - pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) | (congential)

Malignant Hyperthermia | (pigs)

# name the cardiomyopathy more common in older cats; associated with enlargement of thyroid(s) with accompanying hyperfunction of these; cats are hyperactive/aggressive, hypertensive, tachycardic, and thin (despite voracious appetite); Left ventricular hypertrophy | (endocrine)

Feline hyperthyroidism | (cats)

# name the cardiomyopathy cases strongly associated with taurine-deficiency in cats; cardiomegaly, bi-ventricular dilation, pale and flabby hearts | (idiopathic)

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

# name the cardiomyopathy common in cats, rare in dogs; myocardial fibres are hypertrophied and haphazardly arranged (myofiber disarray) accompanied by interstitial fibrosis and arteriosclerosis; marked cardiomegaly (from L ventricular concentric hypertrophy) with concurrent thickening of interventricular septum ; thrombus formation in L atrium is common | (idiopathic)

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

# name the cardiomyopathy marked myocardial fibrosis or endomyocardial fibrosis of L ventriculr endocardium; leads to loss of compliance and inability to fill adequately during diastole; marked L atrial dilation with L ventricle of normal dimensions | (idiopathic)

Restrictive Cardiomypathy

# name the cardiomyopathy primarily a familial disease of Boxer dogs, rare in cats; R ventricular myocardium is replaced by fat and fibrous tissue | (idiopathic)

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)

# name the cardiomyopathy green-grey color of muscle resulting from myodegeneration and eosinophilic inflammation; seen in sheep and cattle | (idiopathic)

Eosinophilic myositis

this lines the cardiac chambers and is a component of the valve cusps

endocardium

this is a narrowing of the valve orifice, which occurs more frequently in semilunar valves

valvular stenosis

name 2 main consequences of L-sided semilunar valve stenosis

1. L ventricular concentric hypertrophy 2. pulmonary congestion/oedema

name 2 main consequences of R-sided semilunar valve stenosis

1. R ventricular concentric hypertrophy 2. caval venous congestion

this is inadequacy of the valve to maintain an efficient seal against backflow of blood with consequent backward regurgitation during systole

valvular incompetence

name 3 main consequences of L-sided atrioventricular valvular incompetence

1. L ventricular eccentric hypertrophy 2. peripheral hypoperfusion 3. pulmonary congestion

name 2 main consequences of R-sided atrioventricular valvular incompetence

1. R ventricular eccentric hypertrophy 2. caval venous congestion

name 5 factors involved in the occurence of endocarditis

1. valvular trauma due to blood turbulence 2. valve tissue ageing 3. avascularity of valves 4. valve exposure to blood pathogens 5. factors due to the pathogens

what species is endocarditis most common in

cattle, pigs, sheep

which valves are more frequently affected in endocarditis

atrioventricular

which side of the heart is most commonly affected in endocarditis (with exception of cattle)

left side | (right in cattle)

name the two common sequelae of endocarditis in cattle (R-side lesion)

1. pulmonary embolism 2. abscessation

name the two common sequelae of endocarditis with left-side lesions (pig, dog, horse)

1. myocardial and peripheral infarction 2. infection (especially kidneys)

# name the type of valvular endocardiosis changes seen in L AV valve (mitral valve) most commonly; lesions on main cusps can be graded from smooth, white discrete nodules to coalescent nodules, to plaque-like thickenings with cuspal distortion and chordal distorsion and/or rupture; valve cusps have marked accumulation of mucopolysaccharide; valvular changes cause valve cusp distortion with consequent incompetence and leakage of blood into corresponding atrium during systole | (degenerative vavle disease)

canine myxomatous valvular degeneration

# name the type of valvular endocardiosis changes observed are those of sparse chronic inflammation with fibrous scarring; most significant lesions affect main mitral and aortic valve cusps; 1. sparse cellular infiltrations in superficial outflow layer of cusp 2. variable villous or papillary eruptions of the outflow endothelium 3. irregular whorls or meshes of collagen fibers in deeper layers | (degenerative valve disease)

equine chronic valvulopathy

# name the endocardial condition isolated foci of necrosis on the L atrial endocardium just above the L AV valve ring in old dogs with uremia

necrotising endocarditis

# name the endocardial condition deposits of calcium and fibrous tissue which may spread into the myocardium; affects L atrium and ventricles in calves

endocardial calcification

# name the endocardial condition incidental - in the AV valve cusps at their attachments to chordae or valve ring (lambs, calves, and horses)

hematocysts and lymph cysts

# name the endocardial condition incidental - melanin deposition on heart valves and mural endocardium of Scottish Blackface sheep and black breeds of cattle

Melanosis

# name the endocardial condition fibrous thickenings of the endocardium adjacent to an incompetent valve (caused by back flow during systole); lesions may also occur in aorta/pulmonary artery as result of high pressure blood passing through a narrowed stenotic semilunar valve and striking the vessel endothelium

jet lesions

# name the type of cardiac neoplasms arise in the R atrium/auricle and may involve the base of the R ventricle; usually only presents clinically when hemopericardium > tamponade occurs; can metastasize to liver, spleen, skin, lungs and brain | (primary)

hemangiosarcoma

# name the type of cardiac neoplasm arise in the chemoreceptor cells in the aortic and pumonary bodies ('chemodectoma'); may metastasize and local enlargment results in mechanical displacement on adjacent tissues and pericardial effusion; brachycephalic dogs are predisposed | (primary)

Heart-base tumors

this term is used to describe heart disease which is a consequence of pulmonary disease; usually features R heart enlargement following raised pulmonary resistance/hypertension

Cor pulmonae

name 5 causes of Cor pulmonae

1. primary chronic lung disease 2. pulmonary thromboembolism 3. mechanical obstruction of pulmonary arteries 4. impairment to respiratory movements 5. high altitude/mountain disease

# name the artery disease being described seen as an increase in the tunica media (**smooth muscle**) and intima of arterioles, and is the response to raised arterial blood pressure or volume

arterial hypertrophy

# name the artery disease being described term encompasses a group of vascular diseases of unknown etiology characterized by **fibrous thickening ** with degeneration of the arterial walls

arteriosclerosis

# name the artery disease being described characterized by accumulation of **cholesterol** in the vascular wall; rare in domestic animals

atherosclerosis

# name the artery disease being described amyloid deposits may be found in renal vessels and glomeruli, splenic white pulp arterioles, the space of Disse in liver sinusoids, coronary and meningeal arteries; can be stained with Congo red; affected organs are pale and firm with waxy texture

amyloidosis

# name the artery disease being described occurs following inflammation, thrombosis or necrotic degenerative lesions (Strongylus vulgaris larval lesions in horses)

Dystrophic calcification

# name the artery disease being described widespread medial calcification; large arteries show plaque-like lesions but small arterioles may be completely encircled; degeneration and calcification of elastic fibers in tunica media

metastatic calcification

# name the artery disease being described associated with endothelial damage and entry and accumulation of serum proteins, which polymerize along the vessel wall; seen in diseases with vascular degeneration or with inflammation

fibrinoid necrosis

# name the artery disease being described this term describes inflammation in arterial walls

arteritis

# name the artery disease being described circumscribed, balloon-like dilation of the wall of an artery due to weakening and loss of elasticity; blood enters wall of vessel to form a bulge; usually seen as a result of mechanical disturbance

aneurysm

what defines a true aneurysm

all layers of the vessel are involved

name 3 other causes of an aneurysm besides the most common: mechanical disturbance

1. parasitism 2. nutritional deficiencies 3. congenital

# name the artery disease being described firm, dark red aggregate situated in posterior aorta and extending into iliac arteries (embolus); renal and mesenteric arteries may also be affected; can rarely embolize to a forelimb (usually the R)

aortic thrombosis

# name the artery disease being described usually associated with damage to the intimal layer leading to a local pro-coagulant environment

thrombosis

# name the vein disease being described this is the inflammation of the veins, frequently accompanies and precedes thrombosis; jugulars, vena cava, and portal veins most commonly affected

phlebitis

# name the vein disease being described can be a result of injection, or extension from an adjacent area of inflammation - often preceded by phlebitis

thrombosis

# name the vein disease being described spontaneous rupture of pulmonary veins leading to post-exertional 'nose bleeds' (false epistaxis); common in racehorses

exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)

name the factors involved in thrombosis (Virchow's triad)

1. damage to endothelium 2. altered blood flow 3. hypercoagulability of blood