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Vet Path > Neuropathology (1-3) > Flashcards

Neuropathology (1-3) Flashcards

1
Q

name the part(s) of the brain

telencephalon

A

cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

name the part(s) of the brain

diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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3
Q

name the part(s) of the brain

mesencephalon

A

midbrain

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4
Q

name the part(s) of the brain

metencephalon

A

cerebellum and pons

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5
Q

name the part(s) of the brain

myelencephalon

A

medulla

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6
Q

name the term

degeneration following normal development

A

abiotrophy

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7
Q

name the term

swollen astrocytes in response to metabolic encephalopathy

A

Alzheimer Type 2 Cells

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8
Q

name the term

glial cell, the fibrocyte of the brain but very busy

A

astrocyte

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9
Q

name the term

astrocytes have undergone hypertrophy (increased size, enlarged nucleus visible)

A

astrocytosis

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10
Q

name the term

astrocytes have undergone hyperplasia, increased number

A

astrogliosis

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11
Q

name the term

dispersal and loss of cytoplasmic Nissl substance

A

chromatolysis

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12
Q

name the term

primary if selective loss/destruction of myelin rather than secondary to general inflammation

A

demyelination

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13
Q

name the term

developmental defects of the neural tube in which there is failure to calesce and close

A

dysraphia

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14
Q

name the prefix

relates to the brain

A

encephalo-

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15
Q

name the term

specific form of hypertrophic astrocyte with visible cytoplasm

A

Gemistocyte

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16
Q

name the term

increased numbers of glial cells (any, there are then specific terms for each type of cell)

A

gliosis

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17
Q

name the term

transplacental destruction with massive bilateral necrosis of the cortext leaving only fluid filled sacs

A

hydranencephaly

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18
Q

name the term

accumulation of fluid in the brain

A

hydrocephalus

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19
Q

name the term

pia and arachnoid layers (closest to the brain)

A

leptomeninges

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20
Q

name the prefix

relates to white matter in the brain

A

Leuko-

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21
Q

name the term

lack of gyri and sulci;
abnormality in most species but normal in some (mouse, rat, rabbit, bird)

A

lissencephaly

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22
Q

name the term

oligodendrocytes and astrocytes

A

macroglia

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23
Q

name the term

softening;
gross change caused by necrosis

A

malacia

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24
Q

name the term

the macrophages of the CNS, derived from monocytes

A

microglia

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25
Q

name the term

comprises layers of oligodendrocyte cell membranes wrapped around axons to protect them and speed up conduction along the axon

A

myelin

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26
Q

name the term

inflammation of the spinal cord

A

Myelitis

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27
Q

name the term

eating of neurones’ by phagocytes; some viruses induce this

A

neuronophagia

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28
Q

name the term

clumps of rough ER; means the cell is making a lot of protein

A

Nissl

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29
Q

name the term

glial cell, produces the myelin to insulate the axons; CNS only

A

oligodendrocyte

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30
Q

name the term

dura matter

A

pachymeninges

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31
Q

name the prefix

relates to grey matter

A

polio-

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32
Q

name the term

inflammation of multiple spinal or cranial nerve roots

A

polyradiculoneuritis

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33
Q

name the term

transplacental destruction with usually a single, fluid filled cavity in the cerebrum

A

porencephaly

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34
Q

name the term

the equivalent of teh oligodendrocyte in the PNS

A

Schwann cell

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35
Q

name the term

degeneration of an axon distal to the site of injury

A

Wallerian degeneration

36
Q

name the 5 main cell types in the CNS

A
  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. astrocytes
  3. microglial cells
  4. choroid plexus epithelial cells
  5. ependymal cells
37
Q

name 4 reasons why neurons are especially vulnerable to injury

A
  1. A high metabolic rate
  2. dependent axon
  3. Little stored energy
  4. No capacity to regenerate
38
Q

name 4 main ways neurons respond to injury

A
  1. acute necrosis
  2. chromatolysis
  3. Wallerian degeneration
  4. vacuolation
39
Q

name the neuron response to injury

This is a form of acute necrosis that occurs in a distinct pattern, due to selective destruction of neurons in the deeper layers of the cerebral cortex

A

laminar cortical necrosis

40
Q

name 2 main instances where laminar cortical necrosis occurs in cerebral cortex

A
  1. thiamine deficiency
  2. salt poisoning/water deprivation
41
Q

name the neuron response to injury

NOT necrosis; adaptive response to deal with injury BUT can LEAD to necrosis;
cell body swells and the Nissl substance disperses allowing the cell body to produce proteins for rebuilding

A

chromatolysis

42
Q

name the neuron response to injury

this is breakdown of an axon and its myelin sheath distal to the point of injury;
classical cause is axonal transection

A

Wallerian degeneration

43
Q

name the neuron response to injury

this is the hallmark of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (BSE, scrapie)

A

neuronal vacuolation

44
Q

list the CNS cells in order from MOST to LEAST susceptible to injury

A

nerons > oligos > astrocytes > microglia > blood vessels

45
Q

name the 3 main types of cerebral oedema

A
  1. cytotoxic
  2. vasogenic
  3. hydrostatic (interstitial)
46
Q

name the type of cerebral oedema

caused by altered cellular metabolism (energy deficit so can’t pump out Na+ and water)
eg. hypoxia, toxins

A

cytotoxic

47
Q

name the type of cerebral oedema

caused by vascular injury and breakdown of BBB;
most common form in animals

A

vasogenic

48
Q

name the type of cerebral oedema

caused by increased ventricular hydrostatic pressure (ie. hydrocephalus)

A

hydrostatic (interstitial)

49
Q

what is the outcome of cytotoxic cerebral oedema?

A

intracellular accumulation of fluid

50
Q

what is the outcome of vasogenic cerebral oedema?

A

extracellular accumulation of fluid

(white matter typically affected)

51
Q

what is the outcome of hydrostatic (interstitial) cerebral oedema?

A

extracellular accumulation of fluid

(periventricular)

52
Q

name 4 consequences of ischemia

(neuropathology)

A
  1. acute neuronal necrosis
  2. infarct
  3. malacia
  4. vasogenic oedema
53
Q

this is the necrosis of tissue following obstruction of its blood supply

A

infarct

54
Q

name 4 causes of infarcts in the CNS

A
  1. thrombosis
  2. embolism
  3. FCEM (fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy)
  4. vasculitis
55
Q

name 5 routes of entry for bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses to invade the CNS and produce an inflammatory response

A
  1. hematogenous
  2. direct implantation
  3. peripheral nerves
  4. local extension
  5. infiltrating macrophages harboring organisms
56
Q

name 4 locations in the CNS where inflammation can become established

A
  1. epidural space
  2. subdural space
  3. leptomeninges
  4. brain
57
Q

name the type of infection associated with fibrinous exudate (leptomeningitis / encephalitis)

A

bacteria (inc. Mycoplasma)

58
Q

name the type of infection associated with suppurative exudate (leptomeningitis / encephalitis)

A

bacteria & fungi

59
Q

name the type of infection associated with lymphoplasmacytic exudate (leptomeningitis / encephalitis)

A

viruses

60
Q

name the type of infection associated with granulomatous exudate (leptomeningitis / encephalitis)

A

bacteria or fungi

61
Q

name the type of infection associated with hemorrhagic exudate (leptomeningitis / encephalitis)

A

speticemia or infarcts

62
Q

name the inflamation presentation in the. CNS

typically caused by bacteria that spread to the meninges in the bloodstream;
brain swells and meninges are opaque but there may be NO gross lesions;
neutrophils predominate

A

suppurative leptomeningitis

63
Q

name the presentation of inflamation in the CNS

result of bacterial infections and manifests as abscesses;
may be single or multiple, vary in size with a central, liquefied cavity

A

suppuratice encephalitis

64
Q

name the subcategory of suppurative encephalitis

Bacteria gain entry via oral mucosa → trigeminal nerve → trigeminal ganglion in brain;
CNS form mainly occurs in ruminants eating silage, especially where pH is too high;
Usually NO GROSS LESIONS;
Microabscesses AND lymphoplasmacytic cuffing of vessels;
Clinically: Circling, unilateral facial nerve paralysis, drooling, recumbency, paddling
DEATH

A

Listeriosis

65
Q

name the presentation of inflamation in the CNS

due to viral infection (and some protozoal infections);
meninges and brain are affected;
no gross lesions but common hallmark of lesions of CNS viral infections are neuronal necrosis, gliosis and perivascular lymphoplasmacytic cuffing

A

lymphocytic / lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis

66
Q

name the presentation of inflamation in the CNS

NOT usually due to infection;
eosinophils predominate;
most likely cuases are salt poisoning and/or water deprivation

A

eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

67
Q

this is a temporary loss of consciousness following head trauma; full recovery is usual but if repeated or severe → neuronal loss and haemorrhage, even death

A

concussion

68
Q

this is a focal haemorrhage as direct result of trauma

A

contusion

69
Q

this is the tearing of CNS by bone within the skull or by penetrating objects;
most severe and most serious form of traumatic injury as it carries additional risk of contamination/infection

A

laceration

70
Q

name 4 locations hemorrhagic can occur in the CNS

A
  1. epidural
  2. subdural
  3. leptomeningeal
  4. cerebral
71
Q

name 5 causes of spinal cord compression

A
  1. abscess
  2. fracture
  3. neoplasia
  4. intervertebral disk disease
  5. malformations
72
Q

name 4 types of hydrocephalus

A
  1. internal
  2. external
  3. communicating
  4. hydrocephalus ex vacuo
73
Q

what is the location of fluid with internal hydrocephalus

A

within the ventricles

74
Q

what is the location of fluid with external hydrocephalus

A

within arachnoid space

75
Q

what is the location of fluid with communicating hydrocephalus

A

within ventricles AND arachnoid space

76
Q

name the primary CNS neoplasm

Most frequent primary CNS tumour in cats and dogs;
Originates in the meninges;
Acts as a compressive, space-occupying lesion which seldom invades

A

meningioma

77
Q

name the primary CNS neoplasm

Third most common primary CNS tumour in dogs;
Predilection for brachycephalic breeds;
Solid, firm, grey-white; sometimes mottled red with areas of necrosis/haemorrhage

A

astrocytoma

(glioma)

78
Q

name the primary CNS neoplasm

Second to meningiomas in dogs; predilection for brachycephalic breeds; Soft, grey to pink/red and often gelatinous

A

oligodendroglioma

(glioma)

79
Q

name the primary CNS neoplasm

occurs mainly in ventricles;
may spread in the ventricular system via CSF;
expansile but can be invasive and destructive

A

ependymoma

80
Q

name 3 common primary neoplasms of the CNS

A
  1. meningioma
  2. glioma
  3. ependymoma
81
Q

this is a brain disorder manifested as a paroxysmal cerebral dysrhythmia;
Sudden onset, ceases spontaneously but tends to recur

A

seizure

82
Q

name 4 reasons peripheral nerves can be predisposed to traumatic injury

A
  1. superficial location
  2. proximity to bone
  3. dystocia
  4. proximity to injection sites
83
Q

name the degenerative disease

Idiopathic degeneration of left recurrent laryngeal nerve → atrophy of the left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle → inability to abduct arytenoid cartilage and vocal fold → airways partially obstructed on inspiration

A

Equine laryngeal hemiplegia (‘roarers’)

84
Q

can neurons regenerate?

A

NO

85
Q

can axons in the PNS regenerate?

A

YES

Vet Path (12 decks)

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